71
273.
In the IACHR’s opinion, the procedures resulting from those applications do not amount
to a suitable remedy for the recognition of indigenous property, in the above-mentioned terms, as they do
not constitute specific mechanisms for addressing the titling of land occupied by the indigenous peoples
or its demarcation, taking into account their particular characteristics, based on historical occupation of
the land. They constitute, rather, a general mechanism for individual property titling, based on productive
exploitation of the land, ignoring the special, unique, and internationally protected relationship between
indigenous peoples and their ancestral territories, which is not found in the case of nonindigenous
peoples. Similarly, the Court has pointed out in relation to indigenous territorial claim procedures that they
invoke agrarian legislation, “wherein the yardstick is whether or not the claimed lands are rationally
exploited, regardless of considerations specific to the indigenous peoples, such as what lands mean for
359
them.”
274.
The Commission is well aware that the nonexistence of an appropriate remedy for
recognition of indigenous ownership that takes the particular characteristics into account meant that the
indigenous Community had considerable difficulty accessing justice, considering the oral tradition of the
Garífuna Community of Triunfo de la Cruz, the language, scarcity of financial resources, and the fear
expressed by lawyers regarding possible reprisals. Moreover, the Commission notes that the Garífuna
culture is essentially oral, and, given the interest of third parties in their territories, they had to make
arrangements for titling their lands and documenting their rights. In that way, they were forced to adapt
their oral tradition and pursue existing legal mechanisms to substantiate and document their claims.
275.
With respect to effectiveness, the IACHR notes that it is a documented fact that the
territorial claims of the Community of Triunfo de la Cruz date back to 1946, and for decades the
Community has filed at least seven applications with the Honduran authorities for recognition of its
ancestral land. It has also been documented that over a period of time --1979, 1993 y 2001—it was given
various titles recognizing its ancestral possession as well as its collective ownership of 615 hectares and
28.51 centiares. In the IACHR’s opinion, in the instant case, the lack of effectiveness of the mechanism
that exists under domestic law is demonstrated by the fact that it was necessary to file multiple
applications with the INA, given that the process was not designed for recognition of indigenous
ownership based on historical occupation criteria. It notes that the territorial claim process, taken as a
whole, began in 1946 and is still unfinished, given that even now the Community lacks a collective title
deed to its ancestral territory.
276.
The above also has to do with the applications filed by the Community and not resolved
in a timely fashion by the INA, which made it necessary to file further applications. Thus, as was shown in
the proven facts Section, for example, on June 27 1969, a file was submitted for adjudication of the river
Plátano area, a process that was suspended in March 1996. The IACHR believes that at least at that time
-- 27 years after the process began and almost 19 years after ratification of the American Convention by
Honduras – proceedings were still pending. Likewise, it is considered proven that on September 8, 1997
and July 8, 1998 the Community filed applications with the INA for titling of part of the ancestral territory
without it being shown that the proceedings ended with a final decision.
277.
In addition, the IACHR considers that the ineffectiveness of the proceedings with the INA
is shown, as was indicated earlier, by the fact that they did not lead to the effective demarcation,
delimitation, and regularization of the titled areas, which prevented peaceable possession of the land.
Although the State argued that the administrative procedure involved a regularization phase ending in
compensation of improvements carried out by outsiders on the Community’s land, it was not proved in the
instant case that such regularization actually took place. On the contrary, the State itself asserted that it
had not been carried out because of the economic outlays involved. Nevertheless, as the IACHR
indicated, States may not use domestic circumstances as an excuse for failing to comply with their
international organizations.
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I/A Court H.R. Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v Paraguay. Merits, Reparations, and Costs.
Judgment of March 29, 2006. Series C No. 146, paragraph 104. Likewise, see Case of the Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v.
Paraguay. Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of August 24, 2010 Series C No. 214, paragraph 146.