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a. The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons;
b. By means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving
of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person. In the case of children under 18 years of age these requirements are not a
necessary condition to characterize trafficking;
c. For the purpose of exploitation.504
Optional Protocols thereto, or in Relation to Declarations under Article 41 of the Covenant, November 11, 1994, UN Doc.
CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6, para. 8.
Cf. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, adopted by the UN Security Council,
May 25, 1993, UN Doc. S/RES/827, art. 5.c; Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, adopted by the
UN Security Council, November 8, 1994, UN Doc. S/RES/955, art. 3.c; Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone,
adopted by the UN Security Council, March 8, 2002, UN Doc. S/2002/246, art. 2.c, and the Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court, entered into force on July 1, 2002, UN Doc. A/CONF.183/9, art. 7.1.c.
499
500
Cf. Case of the Hacienda Brasil Verde Workers v. Brazil, supra, para. 306.
501
Cf. Case of the Hacienda Brasil Verde Workers v. Brazil, supra, para. 306.
502
Cf. Case of the Hacienda Brasil Verde Workers v. Brazil, supra, para. 288.
In particular, the Court has underlined that, in order to give practical effect to the prohibition established in the
American Convention and from the perspective of the most favorable interpretation for the individual and the pro
persona principle, the protection provided by this article cannot be limited to women or “slaves” in keeping with the
evolution of the phenomenon of human trafficking in our societies. Cf. Case of the Hacienda Brasil Verde Workers v.
Brazil, supra, para. 289.
503
504
Cf. Case of the Hacienda Brasil Verde Workers v. Brazil, supra, para. 290.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in collaboration with ILANUD, Manual sobre la investigación del
delito de trata de personas – Guía de Autoaprendizaje, 2009, p. 28 (evidence file, folio 2423), and Cf. Expert opinion of
Norma Angélica Cruz Córdova provided on May 9, 2017 (evidence file, folio 7070).
505