56 49(12) With the death of the women and elders, oral transmitters of the Maya-Achí culture, their knowledge could not be transmitted to the new generations and, today, this has produced a cultural vacuum. The orphans did not receive the traditional education handed down from their ancestors. In turn, the militarization and repression to which the survivors of the massacre were subjected, particularly the young men, has caused them to lose their faith in the traditions and knowledge of their forefathers.238 49(13) The victims could not freely perform the ceremonies and rites of their Mayan culture, because the military authorities controlled all their activities.239 49(14) The victims were unable to celebrate the leave-taking ritual for their next of kin who had been executed in the massacre in accordance with their customs. The absence of these funeral rites caused considerable anguish to the next of kin and the members of the community, and hindered the mourning process. In 1994, when the first exhumation was conducted, the victims could bury some of the remains, in accordance with their religious customs.240 49(15) The military presence and continuous surveillance, repression and threats caused feelings of terror, paralysis and impotence among the survivors of the massacre. The victims were forced to live alongside the perpetrators in the PAC and in the common areas in the town of Rabinal. In turn, they were stigmatized and accused of perpetrating the events, so they lived in a permanent state of silence. 238 Cf. statement made before notary public by Benjamín Manuel Jerónimo on March 9, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 470 to 488); statement made before notary public by Eulalio Grave Ramírez on March 9, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 489 to 502); testimony of Narcisa Corazón Jerónimo given before the InterAmerican Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004; report of Augusto Willemsen-Díaz given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004; report of Nieves Gómez Dupuis given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 24, 2004, and report of the Historical Clarification Commission, “Guatemala, memoria del silencio,” of June 1999, tome III, pages 181, 186 and 187, paras. 2887, 2888, 2901(d) and (e), and 2938. 239 Cf. statement made before notary public by Benjamín Manuel Jerónimo on March 9, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 470 to 488); statement made before notary public by Eulalio Grave Ramírez on March 9, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 489 to 502); testimony of Juan Manuel Jerónimo given before the InterAmerican Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004; report of Augusto Willemsen-Díaz given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004, and CEH report, supra note 238, tome III, pages. 206 and 203, paras. 2937 and 2943. 240 Cf. statement made before notary public by Benjamín Manuel Jerónimo on March 9, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 470 to 488); statement made before notary public by Eulalio Grave Ramírez on March 9, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 489 to 502); statement made before notary public by José Fernando Moscoso Möller on March 10, 2004, (file on preliminary objections and merits and reparations, tome III, folios 511 to 518); testimony of Juan Manuel Jerónimo given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004; testimony of Buenaventura Manuel Jerónimo given before the InterAmerican Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004; testimony of Narcisa Corazón Jerónimo given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004; report of Augusto Willemsen-Díaz given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 23, 2004, and report of Nieves Gómez Dupuis given before the Inter-American Court during the public hearing held on April 24, 2004.