freedom of opinion of the media. Similarly, establish, for the protection of the honor of
public officials, alternatives to the criminal process, for example, rectification or
response, as well as the civil process. This includes renouncing the use of stigmatizing
speeches or practices against those who speak publicly and all types of harassment,
including judicial harassment, against journalists and people who exercise their freedom
of expression, and (B) it is up to the media to contribute to the strengthening of the
democratic and participatory system, respectful of human rights, in accordance with the
principles of the Democratic Rule of Law (contained in the Democratic Charter), in a
context of plural and diverse media without discrimination or exclusions, as the Court
has stated from Advisory Opinion OC-5/85. 149 In short, the particular interests of its
owners must not constitute an obstacle to the debate that implies indirect restrictions
on the free circulation of ideas or opinions.
A.2.2. Content of the right to freedom of thought and expression
97. The Court's case law has given ample content to the right to freedom of expression,
recognized in Article 13 of the Convention. The Court has indicated that said norm
protects the right to seek, receive and disseminate ideas and information of all kinds, as
well as the right to receive and know the information and ideas disseminated by
others. 150 The Court has indicated that freedom of expression has an individual
dimension and a social dimension, from which it has derived a series of rights that are
protected in said article. 151 This Court has affirmed that both dimensions are of equal
importance and must be fully guaranteed simultaneously to give full effect to the right
to freedom of expression, in the terms provided for in Article 13 of the Convention. 152
98. The first dimension of freedom of expression includes the right to use any
appropriate means to disseminate opinions, ideas and information and to make it reach
the greatest number of recipients. In this sense, expression and dissemination are
indivisible, so that a restriction of the possibilities of dissemination directly represents,
and to the same extent, a limit to the right to express oneself freely. With respect to the
second dimension of the right to freedom of expression, that is, the social one, the Court
has indicated that freedom of expression also implies the everyone’s right to know
opinions, stories and news expressed by third parties. For the common citizen,
knowledge of the opinion of others or the information available to others is as important
as the right to disseminate one's own. That is why, in light of both dimensions, freedom
of expression requires, on the one hand, that no one be arbitrarily undermined or
prevented from expressing their own thoughts and therefore represents a right of each
individual. However it also implies, on the other hand, a collective right to receive any
information and to know the expression of other's thoughts. 153
149
Cf. Advisory Opinion OC-5/85, supra, par. 34
Cf. Advisory Opinion OC-5/85, supra, par. 30, Rights to freedom to organize, collective bargaining, and
strike and their relation to other rights, with a gender perspective (interpretation and scope of Articles 13, 15,
16, 24, 25 and 26, in relation to Articles 1(1) and 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights , of Articles
3, 6, 7 y 8 of the Protocol of San Salvador, of Articles 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6 of the Convention of Belem do Pará, of
Articles 34, 44 and 45 of the Charter of the Organization of American States, and Articles II, IV, XIV, XXI and
XXII of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man). Advisory Opinion OC-27/21 of May 5,
2021. Series A No. 27, par. 133.
150
Cf. Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ" (Olmedo Bustos et al.) v. Chile, supra, par. 64, and Advisory
Opinion OC-27, supra, par. 133.
151
152
Cf. Case of Ivcher Bronstein v. Peru, supra, par. 149, and Advisory Opinion OC-27, supra, par. 133.
Cf. Case of Ivcher Bronstein v. Peru, supra, par. 146, and Case of Carvajal Carvajal et al. v. Colombia.
Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of March 13, 2018. Series C No. 352, par. 172.
153
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