SEPARATE CONCURRING OPINION
OF JUDGE JACKMAN
I am in total agreement with the decision of the Court in this case, with the
orders with which the judgment concludes, and with the ratio decidendi of the
judgment as a whole.
I must, however, reluctantly put on record my inability to join
wholeheartedly in the enthusiasm with which the Court appears to have welcomed,
in paragraphs 147 to 154, the so-called proyecto de vida ("life-plan" or "life
project"), a concept which is new to the jurisprudence of this Court, and one which,
in my respectful view, is lacking both in clarity and in juridical cogency.
It is to be noted that the Court has refrained from making a specific order
for damages in respect of this concept. Nevertheless, the statement at paragraph
153 to the effect that "...the Court recognises the existence of grave damage to the
‘life-project’ of Maria Elena Loayza Tamayo..." represents a formal acceptance of
the concept as a legitimate head of damages which, inevitably, will henceforward
form part of the armoury of plaintiffs appearing before the Court in hearings on
reparations.
The Court has defined "proyecto de vida" in paragraphs 147 to 150 in the
following terms:
This notion is different from the notions of special damages (daño
emergente) and loss of earnings (lucro cesante).... [T]he so-called [proyecto
de vida] deals with the full self-actualisation of the person concerned and
takes account of her calling in life, her skills, her particular circumstances,
her potentialities, and her ambitions, thus permitting her to set for herself, in
a reasonable manner, specific goals, and to attain those goals...[D]amage to
the "life-plan"...implies the loss or severe diminution, in a manner that is
irreparable or reparable only with great difficulty, of [a person’s] prospects of
self-development.
In this context the Court has identified as "irreparable damage" to the "life-plan" of
Mrs. Loayza the proven fact that her illegal arrest, trial, and imprisonment have
obliged her to "interrupt her studies and to take up life in a foreign country far from
the context in which her life had been evolving, in a state of solitude, poverty, and
severe physical and psychological distress" (paragraph 152).
I am of opinion that there is ample precedent in the jurisprudence of this
Court, without necessity for the creation of a new head of damages, to permit the
Court to assess the damage here identified and to make the appropriate orders in
terms of Article 63 of the American Convention on Human Rights ("the
Convention"), from which the Court derives its authority to order reparations when
it finds that there has been a violation of a right or freedom protected in the
Convention.
From the time of its very first decision on reparations (Velásquez Rodríguez
Case, Compensatory Damages (Art. 63(1) American Convention on Human Rights),
Judgment of July 21, 1989.
Series C No. 7) this Court, like other similar
international tribunals, has recognised that violations of the protected rights give
rise to a right on the part of the plaintiff to "reparation of the consequences of the
violation, and indemnification for patrimonial and non-patrimonial (sc: "material"
and "moral" or "pecuniary" and "non-pecuniary") damages, including emotional
harm." (Loc. cit.: para. 26; emphasis added).
Under the Convention the Court has authority to order "fair compensation"
to be paid to a successful plaintiff. In a given case it is thus open to the tribunal,
once the standard test of remoteness of the damage is met, to rule on any
identifiable damage which the plaintiff has sustained as a result of violations of the
rights and freedoms protected under the Convention.
A claim for "loss of
development prospects" can therefore be examined in precisely the same manner