actions aimed at locating the victim in the following hours – something crucial to preventing irreparable violations of the right to humane treatment and life - in addition to the already recognized lack of due diligence in the judicial clarification of circumstances known to the authorities, lead to the presumption of Ecuador's acquiescence to the actions of the Peasant Defense Boards in the disappearance of Fredy Núñez Naranjo. III. STANDARDS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR AUTHORIZATION, SUPPORT, AND ACQUIESCENCE IN CASES OF DISAPPEARANCE 22. As previously indicated supra, the Inter-American Court has extensively developed its case law in determining state responsibility for authorization, support, or acquiescence in the face of acts by individuals that result in human rights violations, in particular, enforced disappearance. As an additional element for understanding international standards on the matter, it is appropriate to refer to the Statement on non-State actors in the context of the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 22 issued by the United Nations Committee on Enforced Disappearance. 23. This Statement formulates an authorized interpretation of the circumstances in which the acts or omissions of persons or groups of persons, who are not agents of the State, can generate state responsibility at the international level. These are circumstances that usually involve "paramilitary groups," "civil patrols," private security companies, criminal organizations, and any person or group of persons - including informal groups or networks - from the moment they received the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a State authority. The Declaration is based on the rules of several relevant international instruments such as the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Rules of the International Committee of the Red Cross - as well as on precedents of treaty bodies and special procedures of the UN and on case law of regional human rights courts, including the Inter-American Court. 24. The Statement defines the terms "authorization," "support," and "acquiescence." In accordance with those definitions, "authorization" means that the State, through its agents, has either orally or in writing given permission to persons or groups of persons to commit disappearance; "support" means that the State has provided some assistance to persons or groups of persons who have committed enforced disappearance, inter alia, through the sharing of information and/or the provision of means such as infrastructure, funding, weapons, training or logistics. For the purpose of attribution in this context, support does not have to be provided with the specific aim of committing enforced disappearance. 25. "Acquiescence," in turn, means that the State knew, had reasons to know or ought to have known of the commission or of the real and imminent risk of commission of enforced disappearance by persons or groups of persons, but that one of the following applies: (a) The State has either accepted, tolerated or given consent to this situation, even implicitly; (b) The State has deliberately and in full knowledge, by action or omission, failed to take measures to prevent the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearance, "Statement on non-State actors in the context of the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance" CED/C/10, March 13, 2023. 22 7

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