times. 32 In the year 1980, rural settlements of more than 1,000 hectares—considered to be large settlements—represented 0.93% of all rural settlements and but comprised 45.1% of the total rural land area of Brazil. 33 Settlements of less than 10 hectares represented 50.35% of all rural settlements but comprised only 2.47% of the total rural land area of Brazil. 34 Land concentration in Brazil has remained stable since 1980. 35 Existing agrarian conflicts in the various regions of Brazil 36 stem at least partly from that severe concentration of land in the hands of the few landowners. 37 45. In response to this concentration of land, as well as to the practice of land-grabbing (“grilagem”) 38 and the modernization and liberalization of agriculture, 39 certain social movements emerged in Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries, especially during the 1964–1985 military dictatorship. 40 46. During the years of military rule, rural, labor, and other organizations that sought agrarian reform suffered political and social repression that aimed to break them up, and they were labeled “communist” or “subversive.” 41 Rural repression increased between 1979 and 1985: that was one of the periods with the highest numbers of deaths and disappearances of rural workers and defenders of their rights. 42 32 Cf. UN, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, Mr. Miloon Kothari. Addendum. Mission to Brazil. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/48/Add.3, February 18, 2004, para. 37; OAS, IACHR. Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Brazil, Chapter VII: Land Ownership and the Rights of Rural Workers, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.97, September 29, 1997, para. 1; and Oxfam Brazil. Terrenos da Desigualdade: Terra, agricultura e https://rdstationdesigualdades no Brasil rural, 2016, p. 3. Available in Portuguese at: static.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/files/115321/1596831720relatorio-terrenos_desigualdade-brasil_0-2.pdf. See also Expert opinion by Deborah Macedo Duprat de Britto Pereira from March 9, 2022 (evidence file, folios 7183–7184). 33 Cf. Automatic Retrieval System (SIDRA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Farming census, Table 263: Number of settlements and rural areas by total area groups. Available in Portuguese at: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/263. 34 Cf. Automatic Retrieval System (SIDRA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Farming census, Table 263: Number of settlements and rural areas by total area groups. Available in Portuguese at: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/263#resultado. 35 Cf. Oxfam Brazil. Terrenos da Desigualdade: Terra, agricultura e desigualdades no Brasil rural, supra, p. 6. 36 Expert witness Michelotti noted the lack of official and systematized data on the magnitude of rural violence in Brazil. Cf. Expert opinion of Fernando Michelotti on March 7, 2022 (evidence file, folio 7215). In fact, expert witness Gaio emphasized that government agencies themselves sometimes use data compiled by the Pastoral Land Commission. Cf. Expert opinion of Carlos Eduardo Gaio on March 11, 2022 (evidence file, folios 7287–7288). 37 Cf. Human Rights Watch. The Struggle for Land in Brazil: Rural Violence Continues, 1992, p. 6. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/braz926full.pdf. The term “grilagem” can be understood as illegal actions taken to transfer public lands to third parties. Cf. Oxfam Brazil. Terrenos da Desigualdade: Terra, agricultura e desigualdades no Brasil rural. 2016, supra, p. 3. 38 39 During the modernization of agriculture in Brazil, large settlements received tax incentives and had access to government loans, research, and technical assistance aimed at supporting agribusiness and production for the export market. Moreover, the modernization process “caused the displacement of millions of families, primarily from the northeast and south of the country toward the cities and regions of the central-west and north.” Cf. Oxfam Brazil. Terrenos da Desigualdade: Terra, agricultura e desigualdades no Brasil rural. 2016, supra, pp. 4–5. 40 Cf. UN, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, Mr. Miloon Kothari. Addendum. Mission to Brazil, supra, paras. 37, 39, and 40. Cf. Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, Brazil. Camponeses Mortos e Desaparacidos: Excluídos da Justiça de Transição, 1st Edition: Brasília, DF, 2013, p. 6. Available in Portuguese at: http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/publicacoes-oficiais/catalogo/dilma/sdh_direito-a-memoria-e-a-verdadecamponeses-mortos-e-desaparecidos_2013.pdf, and Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brazil. Retrato da Repressão Política no Campo—Brasil 1962–1985: Camponeses torturados, mortos e desaparecidos, 2nd Edition: Brasília, DF, 2011, p. 17, 2426. Available in Portuguese at: https://repositorio.iica.int/handle/11324/20158. 41 Cf. Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, Brazil. Camponeses Mortos e Desaparacidos: Excluídos da Justiça de Transição, supra, p. 20. 42 13