certificate of citizenship, which states that she swore an oath of allegiance and renounced her nationality of origin. 25 B. Revocation of the permanent residence of Ms. Habbal and her daughters, and of Ms. Habbal’s citizenship 33. On May 11, 1992, the Director of the National Population and Immigration Department issued Resolution No. 1088, in which he declared the permanent residence of Ms. Habbal and her daughters “null and void”. Based on this decision, he also declared her presence within Argentine territory unlawful, and ordered her preventive detention and that she be expelled and returned to her country of origin or previous residence. In the considering paragraphs of the document, it was stated that, through Resolution No. 972/92, the permanent residence of Mr. Al Kassar had been revoked, and, consequently, the permanent residence granted to Ms. Habbal and her daughters was also null and void, and their presence in Argentine territory was unlawful. 26 On May 12, 1992, the Director of the National Immigration Department informed Federal Judge No. 2 of Mendoza of the content of Resolution 1088. 27 The detention and expulsion orders were not executed, but remained in force until June 1, 2020, the date on which they were revoked (infra, para. 45). 34. On May 18, 1992, Federal Judge No. 2 of Mendoza disqualified himself from hearing the case, “taking into account the facts and news that are in the public domain, and given their seriousness.” 28 The facts and news in question were related to the information disseminated in different media about alleged crimes committed by Monzer Al Kassar, involving drug and arms trafficking, and terrorism. 29 On May 21, 1992, the Acting Federal Judge accepted his colleague’s self-disqualification and ordered that the case be heard. 30 On May 29, 1992, the Federal Prosecutor asked the Federal Judge to revoke Ms. Habbal’s citizenship, since the permanent residence previously granted to her, which was an essential requirement to obtain Argentine nationality, had been declared null and void. 31 35. On June 11, 1992, the Acting Federal Judge ordered that Ms. Habbal be served with official notice of the action for revocation of her Argentine citizenship at the address she had given when applying for Argentine nationality. He also ordered that, if she was not at home, 25 Cf. Argentine Certificate of Citizenship No. 932 in the name of Ms. Raghda Habbal, dated April 3, 1992 (evidence file, folio 23). 26 Cf. Decision No. 1088, of May 11, 1992, issued by the Director of the National Population and Immigration Department (evidence file, folios 444 and 445); Decision No. 972, of April 28, 1992, issued by the Director of the National Population and Immigration Department (evidence file, folio 1615); Opinions of the Legal Affairs Office of the National Population and Immigration Department No. 143,949 of April 22, 1992, and No. 144,021 of May 8, 1992 (evidence file, folios 1625 and 1750). 27 Cf. Official communication from the Director of the National Population and Immigration Department to Federal Judge No. 2 of Mendoza, dated May 12, 1992 (evidence file, folio 25). 28 Cf. Decision of the head of Federal Court No. 2 of the city of Mendoza, dated May 18, 1992 (evidence file, folio 29). 29 See, for example, Diario El País, Carlos Ares, “Menem strips alleged drug trafficker and terrorist Al Kassar of https://elpais.com/diario/1992 his Argentine citizenship,” May 8, 1992. Available at: /05/09/international/705362420_850215.html 30 Cf. Decision of the Acting Federal Judge, dated May 21, 1992 (evidence file, folio 31). Cf. Official communication submitted by the Federal Public Prosecutor addressed to the Federal Court, dated May 29, 1992 (evidence file, folio 33). 31 11