themselves” from the feeling of guilt they may have for their acts of extreme cruelty. The element of intentionality seems to always be present, in my opinion as an aggravating circumstance, even for the effects of reparations. 72. The notion of “massacre” starts to be considered as a "unité lexicale de référence": in said cases of massacres, the survivors and the next of kin of the fatal victims carry with them the load of their personal suffering along with the suffering of those who were massacred.45 This is an aggravating circumstance, along with the premeditation, an intentionality that led to the perpetration of the massacres. In synthesis, in the efforts to achieve a restorative justice, the profound traumatic effects of the massacres, not only and obviously on the victims and their next of kin, but also on the social fabric itself, on the population affected by the massacres as a whole, must necessarily be taken into consideration. 73. It if of great importance that the victims of massacres and people in situations of the utmost adversity (such as, inter alia, those detained in infra-human conditions), are currently able to reach international jurisdiction in order to assert their rights. This fact, - hard to anticipate some decades ago, - reveals the progress of International Human Rights Law in the midst of so many difficulties. This constitutes, in my opinion, one of the manifestations of the humanization of contemporary International Law, which also reveals the impact of International Human Rights Law within International Public Law and, finally, what I would define as the current evolution of International Law towards the People’s Law.46 74. This evolution comes to rescue the roots of humanist thinking, and its flourishing throughout time, in the middle of successive atrocities perpetrated by individuals against their fellow men. Remember, for example, that at the end of the XVIII century (in 1793), in a brilliant essay written a little before being executed, Condorcet warned that there was "une science chercha des lois des s'occupa moins des individus, que de gouvernements."47 du droit des gens: mais malhereusement on nations, non dans la raison et la nature (...). On droits de l'humanité, de la justice envers les l'ambition, de l'orgueil ou de l'avidité des However, he added with admirable hope that "les principes de la philosophie, les maximes de la libert��, la connaissance des véritables droits de l'homme et de ses intérêts réels, sont répandus dans un trop grand nombre des nations, et dirigent dans chacune d'elles les opinions d'un trop grand nombre d'hommes éclairés, pour qu'on puisse redouter de les voir jamais tomber dans l'oubli."48 N.Y., Vintage, 1989 [reprint], pp. 11-203. . Y. Ternon, Guerres et génocides au XXe. siècle, Paris, O. Jacob, 2007, pp. 8082, and cf. p. 83. 45 . Cf., in this regard, my recent study: A.A. Cançado Trindade, Évolution du Droit international au droit des gens - L'accès des individus à la justice internationale: Le regard d'un juge, Paris, Pédone, 2008, pp. 1-188. 46 . Condorcet, Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain [1793], Paris, Flammarion, 1988 [reed.], p. 201. 47 . 48 Ibid., p. 259.