68
Court finds it proved that Gladys Carol Espinoza Gonzáles was unable to communicate with her
family until approximately three weeks after her detention.
182. In addition, the Court recalls that Gladys Espinoza was arrested and detained without a
court order and without judicial control for at least 30 days (supra para. 137). The conditions in
which her arrest and detention were carried out lead to the conclusion that the facts that she
alleges truly occurred. As it has on other occasions, 318 the Court observes that to reach a
different conclusion would mean allowing the State to shield itself behind the negligence and
ineffectiveness of the investigation, and the situation of impunity in which the facts of this case
remain, in order to exempt itself from responsibility.
B.2.8. Legal definition of the facts
183. Having established the facts, the Court will proceed to provide a legal definition for what
happened during the initial detention of Gladys Espinoza on April 17, 1993, and during the time
she spent on the premises of the DIVISE and the DINCOTE in April and May 1993.
184. First, the Court has indicated that any use of force that is not strictly necessary owing to
the behavior of the person detained constitutes an affront to human dignity, in violation of
Article 5 of the American Convention. 319 In this case, the State has not proved that the force
used when arresting Ms. Espinoza Gonzáles was necessary; therefore the Court finds that the
State violated her right to personal integrity recognized in Article 5(1) of the American
Convention, in relation to Article 1(1) of this instrument.
185. Second, the Court recalls that an international legal regime has been developed
concerning the absolute prohibition of all forms of torture, both physical and psychological, and,
with regard to the latter, it has been recognized that the threat and real danger that a person
will be subjected to severe physical injuries causes, in certain circumstances, a moral anguish of
such a degree that it may be considered “psychological torture.” 320 The Court finds it evident
that, given the context of violence at the time by both the subversive groups and State agents
(supra paras. 51 to 68), the fact that unknown men arrested Ms. Espinoza while firing their
weapons and that they beat her on the head, among other actions, in order to force her into a
vehicle together with her partner, who was bleeding, and where she received death threats
against herself and her family, and that she would be “infected with AIDS,” and heard that 20
men were going to “take advantage of her,” necessarily caused her feelings of intense anguish,
fear and vulnerability. Thus, these facts constitute, also, a violation of her physical integrity, a
form of psychological torture, in violation of Article 5(1) and 5(2) of the American Convention, in
relation to Article 1(1) thereof, to the detriment of Gladys Espinoza.
186. Third, regarding the events that took place on the premises of the DIVISE and the
DINCOTE, international human right law has established that incommunicado must be
exceptional and that its use during detention may constitute an act that is contrary to human
dignity, 321 because it may result in a situation of extreme psychological and moral suffering for
the detainee. 322 Thus, starting with its first judgments, the Inter-American Court has considered
that prolonged isolation and incommunicado represent, in themselves, forms of cruel and
inhuman treatment, that are harmful to the mental and moral integrity of the individual and of
318
Cf. Case of Kawas Fernández v. Honduras. Merits, reparations and costs. Judgment of April 3, 2009. Series C
No. 196, para. 97, and Case of J. v. Peru, supra, para. 356.
319
Cf. Case of Loayza Tamayo v. Peru. Merits, supra, para. 57, and Case of J. v. Peru, supra, para. 363.
320
Cf. Case of Cantoral Benavides v. Peru, supra, para. 102, and Case of J. v. Peru, supra, para. 364.
321
Cf. Case of Cantoral Benavides v. Peru. Merits, supra, para. 82, and Case of J. v. Peru, supra, para. 376.
322
Cf. Case of Suárez Rosero v. Ecuador. Merits, supra, para. 90, and Case of J. v. Peru, supra, para. 376.
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