62
and shouting, they responded with insults and kicks […]”; 287 (r) they place an object “like a
piece of wood” in her anus; 288 (s) she felt that she had left her body and gone beyond the limits
of pain, 289 and (t) she asked them to kill her. 290
160. The Court also notes that, in the above-mentioned private statement of September 2009
(supra para. 157), Ms. Espinoza Gonzáles indicated that “[i]n the DINCOTE […] at first she was
incommunicado, and later placed with other female detainees.” 291
161.
Regarding the statements made by Ms. Espinoza, the Court considers that, the main
circumstances are consistent in all of them. Also, with regard to the acts described by the
presumed victim, the Court observes that, in its final report, the CVR determined that, at the
time of the facts, there was a consistent pattern to the torture inflicted by police agents: (i)
physical exhaustion of the victims, obliging them to remain on foot or in uncomfortable positions
for extended periods; (ii) deprivation of sight during their confinement, which resulted in
temporal and spatial disorientation, as well as feelings of insecurity; (iii) insults and threats
against the victim, their family members or other people close to them, and (iv) forced nudity.
In addition, according to the CVR, the most usual means of physical torture were “punches and
kicks to sensitive parts of the body, such as the abdomen, face and genitals. At time, blunt
objects were used, such as broom handles, canes, rubber truncheons (to avoid leaving marks),
and rifle butts. Many of the blows left scars, but other healed without leaving permanent
evidence. The foregoing were accompanied by or preceded by other more sophisticated methods
of torture.” The CVR also referred to asphyxia as a method of torture that was used and, as one
of the ways it was inflicted, submersion several times in a bath in liquid mixed with toxic
substances such as detergent, bleach, kerosene, petrol, and water mixed with excrement and
urine. Another torture technique consisted in hanging and stretching which resulted in severe
pain in the muscles and articulations. The most common method was to tie the victims by the
hands and then suspend them for long periods of time, which caused intense pain and terrible
numbness in the victim, and which was generally accompanied by beatings, electric shocks and
threats. Also, men and women were raped as another form of torture. 292 The Court has already
referred to the types of sexual violence and rape perpetrated by members of the State’s security
forces at that time (supra paras. 62 to 66). In the Court’s opinion, it is evident that the acts
described by Ms. Espinoza Gonzáles in her statements accord with this pattern described by the
CVR.
B.2.3. The 1993 reports of the DIVISE and the DINCOTE on the detention of Gladys
Espinoza and Rafael Salgado
287
Cf. Forensic report No. 003821-V of January 22, 2004, prepared by experts of the Institute of Forensic
Medicine of the Public Prosecution Service (evidence file, folio 1559); Protocol for the investigation of torture or cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment received on January 14, 2014, by the Supra-provincial Criminal Prosecutor (evidence
file, folio 12236), and Affidavit made by Gladys Espinoza on March 26, 2014 (merits file, folio 903).
288
Cf. Report on the psychological and psychiatric appraisals made by Carmen Wurst de Landázuri on October 5,
2008 (evidence file, folio 1549), and Protocol for the investigation of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
received on January 14, 2014, by the Supra-provincial Criminal Prosecutor (evidence file, folio 12236).
289
Cf. Report on the psychological and psychiatric appraisals made by Carmen Wurst de Landázuri on October 5,
2008 (evidence file, folios 1549 and 1553), and Protocol for the investigation of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment received on January 14, 2014, by the Supra-provincial Criminal Prosecutor (evidence file, folio 12236).
290
Cf. Report on the psychological and psychiatric appraisals made by Carmen Wurst de Landázuri on October 5,
2008 (evidence file, folio 1552); Forensic report No. 003821-V of January 22, 2004, prepared by experts of the
Institute of Forensic Medicine of the Public Prosecution Service (evidence file, folio 1559), and Protocol for the
investigation of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment received on January 14, 2014, by the Supraprovincial Criminal Prosecutor (evidence file, folios 12236 and 12237).
291
Cf. Statement made by Gladys Espinoza in September 2009 (evidence file, folio 1460).
292
Cf. Informe Final de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, Volume VI, Chapter 1.4, pp. 240 and 242 to
247.
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