33 they were based on the organisation of, participation in, and implementation of an illegal work stoppage associated with a military uprising, such acts intended to subvert the constitutional order of the country. Such basis was false. He was dismissed pursuant to Law 25. He was notified on December 10, 1990, when his immediate superior, the Regional Manager, informed him that he had a note whereby his contract was declared non subsistent. He did not have access to justice, and he was able only to use the recourses allowed him by Law 25. He presented an appeal before the authority that had dismissed him, by means of a reconsideration remedy, and it was rejected. Later it was requested that Law 25 be regarded unconstitutional, but it was determined that it was constitutional. He presented an appeal before the administrative conflicts jurisdiction, but the appeal was rejected on the grounds that the claim was based on Law 25, which was not illegal. The reconsideration action before the same authority at the IRHE, and the action before the administrative conflicts jurisdiction before the Supreme Court were filed collectively. Only the evidence items submitted with the action brought, which were in written form were presented. No testimonial evidence was presented in any of the cases. He did not have access to the record. He knew about many pieces of evidence that were submitted with the action brought, but he did not see the evidence presented to assert that he had taken part in an illegal work stoppage. He was not reinstated into his position. The relations that the workers and the workers unions of the state enterprises in Panama maintained with the members of the Public Force during his working years were not tense. The workers only tried to maintain, through the labour struggles, the benefits that they had been able to obtain. g. Expert testimony of attorney-at-law Humberto specialist in labour and constitutional law Ricord, a He has been a lawyer since 1945. He has been a professor at the School of Law of Panama’s National University for 35 years, and an active attorney-at-law from 1948 to the present. He has been the complainant in many complaints of unconstitutionality since 1948. He is the author of certain booklets on constitutional law and labour law, and of some legal works of varied content. The right of public servants to demonstrate publicly, subject to compliance with legal requirements, such as the delivery of public notice 24 hours in advance, does exist, and is established by the Constitution of Panama in broad terms, without distinction among persons of certain qualities, that is, whether they are workers or private citizens in general. There is not a penal law in Panama whereby either the strike or the work stoppage in public services is regarded an offence. The Government did not decree a state of emergency, nor did it suspend the constitutional guarantees on the occasion of the December 4 and 5, 1990 incidents. Law 25 of December 14, 1990, affected the right to stability on the job of public servants, which is stipulated constitutionally, as well as the guarantee of a given jurisdiction and the right to join labour unions concerning their general practice, since the Panamanian laws and Constitution recognise certain rights and guarantees of labour unions and their members, which were undoubtedly affected by this law. The May 23, 1991, judgment of the Supreme Court is a decision that falls outside Panamanian law and the very provisions of the Supreme Court itself concerning the rights of public servants and workers. The problem of non-retroactivity, which is governed by Article 31 of the Constitution, was put forth to the Supreme Court, which deemed that there was no unconstitutionality in the non-retroactivity of Law 25, and that there was no violation of Article 31. The Supreme Court eluded the application of Article 31 of the Constitution on the fallacious grounds that such Article contained only penal judicial guarantees, but not guarantees for those under the law. For the witness, said Article contains both,