exist with regard to the latter rights; namely, that of adopting “measures, both internally and
through international cooperation, especially those of an economic and technical nature, with
a view to achieving progressively, […] the full realization of the rights” to which it referred and
that, “by legislation or other appropriate means and subject to available resources.”
64.
In other words, the object and purpose of Article 26 is that the measures it indicates
should be adopted to achieve the realization of the rights it indicates and not that they are
enforceable immediately or, especially, that they are justiciable before the Court. In this
regard, it should be recalled that the title of the article is “Progressive Development” and that
of Chapter III – of which it is the only article – “Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,” from
which it can be understood that what this article establishes – its object and purpose – is that
measures should be adopted to achieve, progressively, the realization of the rights to which
it refers, and not that they have already been realized.
65.
Accepting that, in order to interpret a specific provision of the Convention, it would be
sufficient to evoke its general object and purpose as indicated above, which is very vague and
imprecise, would affect the legal security and certainty that should characterize all the Court’s
rulings, because it would leave to the Court with a wide margin of discretion to determine the
rights that derive from the said standards of the OAS Charter, so that the States Parties to
the Convention would not know which these rights were prior to the corresponding
proceedings.
66.
This is why I am unable to share the opinion set forth in the Court’s case law that,
based on the provisions of Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention, Article 26 differentiates between
“aspects that can be enforced immediately” and “aspects that have a progressive nature,”77
because this is far removed from what is stipulated in the said articles which establish that
the rights to which they refer are only those “recognized,” “established,” “guaranteed,” or
“protected” in or by the Convention, which is not the case of those alluded to in Article 26. In
addition, this distinction made in the judgment would, in itself, be confusing and even
contradictory because, on the one hand, it would not be possible to know with certainty and
prior to the proceedings, which aspects, or more exactly, which of the rights that Article 26
alludes to would be enforceable immediately and which would require progress to be made
towards this end and, on the other hand, the former would not require the adoption of
measures to be enforceable, while the others could not be enforced until measures had been
adopted.
67.
In addition, a process such as the one mentioned would lead the Court to assume the
international legislative function that, in the case of the Convention, only corresponds to its
States Parties.78 And, this is because, in the absence of the specification of the rights that are
derived from the standards of the OAS Charter, the Court could establish rights that were not
expressly included in the said standards and determine that they are justiciable before it.
68.
Ultimately, dissenting from the judgment, it can be asserted that the application of the
functional or teleological method for the interpretation of treaties to Article 26 of the
Convention leads to the same conclusion that was reached by using the other means for the
interpretation of treaties; namely, that the purpose of the said article is not to establish any
human right, but merely to enshrine the duty of its States Parties to adopt measures to realize
the economic, social and cultural rights that are derived from the OAS Charter.
Case of the Workers of the Fireworks Factory of Santo Antônio de Jesus v. Brazil. Preliminary objections, merits,
reparations and costs. Judgment of July 15, 2020. Series C No. 407, Para. 172.
77
78
Supra, footnote 25.
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