municipality of Puerto Nare; ii) Jhon Alberto Montoya, murdered on March 7,1987 by paramilitary from the MAS group at the Departmental Police Inspectorate in La Sierra in the municipality of Puerto Nare; iii) Jesús Antonio Molina, a UP leader and trade union leader in Sutimac's Nare branch, murdered by the MAS paramilitary group on March 9, 1987 barely half a block away from the police post in the village of La Sierra; iv) Pablo Emilio Córdoba Madrigal, a member of the UP council, member of the governing board of SINTRACOLCARBURO and a SUTIMAC leader, murdered on September 30 1987 by the MAS paramilitary group when he was at the Departmental Police Inspectorate in La Sierra; and v) Gustavo de Jesús Callejas and Héctor Alonso Loaiza Londoño, activists in the Caracolí branch of SUTIMAC and workers at the Cementos Nare company, murdered on November 16,1987 by the MAS paramilitary group a few meters away from the La Sierra police station, in the municipality of Puerto Nare.69 96. Along similar lines, the United Nations Development Programme published a report in 2012 in which it described the violence against trade unionists at the time and in the region to which the instant case refers, as follows: In the 1980s, —after Fenaltraconcem had been superseded by the Construction Materials Industry Workers Union (SUTIMAC), which began to combine union activity with leftist political activity through the Patriotic Union (UP)—the Puerto Boyacá paramilitary group, led by Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, appeared in Puerto Nare in 1986 to oppose the union’s efforts and to threaten and kill SUTIMAC members (...). The incident that signaled the preeminence of paramilitary forces in Puerto Boyacá was the December 1986 killing of Cementos del Nare’s union president, who was a member of SUTIMAC and a Communist member of the city council. He was forced off a bus and executed. (...). Killings of SUTIMAC members increased sharply after that. Besides being unionists, all of the victims were also local politicians—almost all of them city council members—who belonged to the Patriotic Union. (...) The 1986–1990 period alone saw 25 killings. This number includes two boards of directors of the Cementos del Nare union that were completely wiped out. 70 97. In light of the above, the Commission considers that sufficient information exists to conclude that, at the time of the facts of this case, there was a context of violence perpetrated by paramilitary groups against trade unionists all over Colombia and particularly markedly in the department of Antioquia, in Puerto Nare, and with a high incidence of attacks of persons who were members of SUTIMAC, so much so that that context was even described as a form of extermination. 3. The Unión Patriótica party and the risks run by persons associated with it. 98. Unión Patriótica was formed as a political party on May 28, 1985, as a result of peace negotiations between the FARC and the State of Colombia presided over by President Belisario Betancur.71 According to the Commission in its Third Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Colombia, that party was not conceived as a political party in the strictest sense of the term, but more as a political alternative to the traditional power structure that would serve as a vehicle for the various manifestations of civil and popular protest. However, Unión Patriótica was also envisioned as the political vehicle of the FARC for possible reassimilation into civilian life.72 Huellas y Rostros de la Desaparición Forzada (1970-2010). Volume II National Center for Historical Memory. Case 4. Víctor Manuel Isaza Uribe: Desaparición Forzada y Represión Antisindical. Available at: http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/micrositios/desaparicionForzada/libros-tomo2.html. 69 70 Huellas y Rostros de la Desaparición Forzada (1970-2010). Volume II National Center for Historical Memory. Case 4. Víctor Manuel Isaza Uribe: Desaparición Forzada y Represión Antisindical. Available at: http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/micrositios/desaparicionForzada/libros-tomo2.html. 71 IACHR, Third Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Colombia, Chapter IX, “Freedom of Association and Political Rights,” OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102, February 26, 1999, par. 50. 72 IACHR, Third Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Colombia, Chapter IX, “Freedom of Association and Political Rights,” OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102, February 26, 1999, par. 50.