15
logical sequence, with the broad scope of the general guarantee obligation (Article
1(1) of the American Convention) and the obligations erga omnes of protection
(paras. 2-13), the genesis, ontology and hermeneutics of Articles 25 and 8 of the
American Convention (paras. 14-21), the irrelevance of the allegation of difficulties
arising from domestic law (paras. 22-23), the right to an effective recourse in the
case law of the Inter-American Court (paras. 24-27); then, I examined the
indivisibility of access to justice (the right to an effective recourse) and the
guarantees of due process of law (Articles 25 and 8 of the American Convention)
(paras. 28-34), and concluded that this indivisibility, revealed in the consistent case
law of the Court to date (paras. 35-43), constituted “the legal heritage of the interAmerican protection system and of the peoples of our region,” so that “I am firmly
opposed to any attempt to dismantle it” (para. 33).
46.
In my separate opinion the Pueblo Bello Massacre case, I stated that this
indivisibility between Articles 25 and 8 of the American Convention was an “inviolable
advance in case law" (paras. 44-52). 61 I then referred to the right of access to
justice lato sensu, observing that:
"In the Reports I submitted to the competent organs of the Organization of
American States (OAS) when President of the Inter-American Court, e.g., on April 19,
2002, and October 16, 2002, I emphasized my understanding as regards the broad
scope of the right of access to justice at the international level; the right of access to
justice lato sensu. 62 This right is not reduced to formal access, stricto sensu, to the
judicial instance (both domestic and international), but also includes the right to a fair
trial and underlies interrelated provisions of the American Convention (such as Articles
25 and 8), in addition to permeating the domestic law of the States Parties. 63 The right
of access to justice, with its own juridical content, means, lato sensu, the right to obtain
justice. In brief, it becomes the right that justice should be done.
One of the main components of this right is precisely direct access to a
competent court, by means of an effective, prompt recourse, and the right to be heard
promptly by this independent, impartial court, at both the national and international
levels (Articles 25 and 8 of the American Convention). As I indicated in a recent
publication, here we can visualize a true right to law; that is, the right to a national and
international legal system that effectively safeguards the fundamental rights of the
individual. 64" (paras. 61-62).
47.
Finally, in the same separate opinion in the Pueblo Bello Massacre, I
reiterated my understanding that the right to law constitutes an “imperative of jus
cogens":
61
.
In the same separate opinion, I also referred to overcoming the vicissitudes regarding the right to
an effective recourse in the development of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (paras.
53-59).
62
.
Cf. also A.A. Cançado Trindade, "El Derecho de Acceso a la Justicia Internacional y las
Condiciones para Su Realización en el Sistema Interamericano de Protección de los Derechos Humanos,”
37 Revista del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (2003) pp. 53-83; A.A. Cançado Trindade,
"Hacia la Consolidación de la Capacidad Jurídica Internacional de los Peticionarios en el Sistema
Interamericano de Protección de los Derechos Humanos," 37 Revista del Instituto Interamericano de
Derechos Humanos (2003), pp. 13-52.
63
.
In this regard, cf. E.A. Alkema, "Access to Justice under the ECHR and Judicial Policy - A
Netherlands View," in Afmaelisrit pór Vilhjálmsson, Reykjavík, Bókaútgafa Orators, 2000, pp. 21-37.
64
.
A.A. Cançado Trindade, Tratado de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, tome III, Porto
Alegre/Brazil, S.A. Fabris Ed., 2002, chap. XX, p. 524, para. 187.