175. Specifically on cases of violence and rape, the bodies of the Inter-American system have approached form a comprehensive understanding of the severe effect such acts have on victims of this type of violence, especially women, in the sense that a variety of substantial rights are violated to their detriment Thus, both the Commission and the Inter-American Court have found that sexual violence, including rape, represents a violation of the rights to humane treatment, privacy, autonomy and dignity, and equal protection and nondiscrimination.245 176. The Inter-American Court indicated that rape involved “an intrusion in her sexual life, and annulled her right to decide freely with whom to have intimate relations, causing her to lose total control over these most personal and intimate decisions, and over her basic bodily functions.”246The Commission has indicated that sexual violence involves severe and lasting physical and mental suffering due to its nonconsensual and invasive nature, with devastating consequences for the victim, the victim’s family, and the community.247The Court has also found that rape is a paradigmatic form of violence against women, the consequences of which extend beyond the victim herself.248 177. The Inter-American Court has also found that sexual violence “is constituted by acts of a sexual nature that, in addition to encompassing the physical invasion of the human body, may include acts that do not involve penetration or even any physical contact.”249With regard to rape—a form of sexual violence—the Court has found it includes “act[s] of vaginal or anal penetration, without the victim’s consent, through the use of other parts of the aggressor’s body or objects, as well as oral penetration with the virile member.”250In the case of J. v. Peru, the Court also found that in order for an act to be considered rape, “any type of penetration, however slight, is sufficient for an act to be considered rape.”251 178. Regarding violence against women, the Inter-American Court has taken into account the international corpus juris on the subject of protecting the personal integrity of women, of which the American Convention, the Convention of Belém do Pará, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of 245 See, among others: IACHR, Report 76/11, Case 11,769, Merits, J., Peru, July 20, 2011; and Inter-American Court. Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of August 30, 2010. Series C No. 215. 246 Inter-American Court. Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of August 30, 2010. Series C No. 215, para. 129. Also see: Inter-American Court, Case of Rosendo Cantú et al. v. Mexico, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgement of August 31, 2010. Series C No. 216, para. 119. 247 IACHR. Report 53/01. Case 11,565. Ana, Beatriz, and Celia González Pérez. Mexico. April 4, 2001. Para. 45; IACHR. Application before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case 12,579, Valentina Rosendo Cantú et al., Mexico, August 2, 2009, para. 90, Application before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case 12,580. Inés Fernández Ortega, Mexico, May 7, 2009, para. 117. 248 Inter-American Court, Case of Espinoza Gonzáles v. Peru. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of November 20, 2014. Series C No. 289, para. 226; Inter-American Court. Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of August 30, 2010. Series C No. 215, para. 119; and Inter-American Court, Case of the Massacres of El Mozote and nearby places v. El Salvador. Merits, Reparations, and Costs. Judgment of October 25, 2012. Series C No. 252, para. 165. 249 Inter-American Court, Case of Espinoza Gonzáles v. Peru. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of November 20, 2014. Series C No. 289, para. 191; Inter-American Court. Case of Rosendo Cantú et al. v. Mexico. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of August 31, 2010. Series C No. 216, para. 109; Inter-American Court. Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of August 30, 2010. Series C No. 215, para. 119; InterAmerican Court, Case of Penal Miguel Castro Castro v. Peru. Merits, Reparations, and Costs. Judgment of November 25, 2006. Series C No. 160, para. 306. For its part, the IACHR has also referred to the definitions of international organizations such as the World Health Organization, which defines sexual violence as “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic women’s sexuality, using coercion, threats of harm or physical force, by any person regardless of relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.” See: IACHR, Access to Justice for Women who are Victims of Sexual Violence: Health and Education. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 65. December 28, 2011, para. 132. 250 Inter-American Court, Case of Miguel Castro Castro Prison. Merits, Reparations, and Costs. Judgment of November 25, 2006. Series C No. 160, para. 310, and Inter-American Court. Case of J. v. Peru. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of November 27, 2013. Series C No. 275, para. 359. 251 Inter-American Court. Case of J. v. Peru. Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of November 27, 2013. Series C No. 275, para. 359.