19
Convention on the Law of Treaties (1986). Another participant in the Vienna Conference
of 1968-1969 pondered that there are certain obligations - of protection of the human
person - endowed with an "absolute character", which cannot be allowed to reduce, as
"l'idée d'une régression définitive de la conscience humaine est
difficile à accepter. En revanche il serait souhaitable que la pratique
internationale se moralise dans tous les domaines et acquière ainsi, par
la reconnaissance des États, un niveau croissant de valeur: il pourrait et
il devrait y avoir normalement de nouvelles règles progressives. Sans
qu'il soit nécessaire d'insister sur ce point, les racines profondes d'une
telle conception rejoignent la tradition du droit naturel, rajeunie de nos
jours par la conception du droit naturel à contenu progressif. En ce sens
aussi, on pourrait soutenir que les règles impératives ont dépassé le
stade coutumier pour atteindre un niveau plus stable qui est celui des
principes généraux du droit international public"67.
60.
Thus, the contemporary law of treaties itself, as attested by Article 60(5) of the
1969 and the 1986 Vienna Conventions, overcoming the precept of reciprocity in the
implementation of treaties of a humanitarian character, reckons that the obligations
enshrined therein are of ordre public, and may generate effects erga omnes. The
overcoming of reciprocity in human rights protection has taken place amidst the
constant search for an expansion of the ambit of protection (for the safeguard of an
increasingly wider circle of individuals, in any circumstances), for achieving a higher
degree of the protection due, and for the
gradual strengthening of the mechanisms of supervision, in the defense of common
superior values.
5.
Concluding Observations.
61.
Last but not least, attention should also be drawn to the interaction of human
rights treaties in the process of interpretation. Given the multiplicity of those treaties, it
comes as little or no surprise that the interpretation and application of certain
provisions of a given human rights treaty have at times been resorted to as orientation
for the interpretation of corresponding provisions of another - usually newer - human
rights treaty. The practice of international supervisory organs - including under the two
regional, European and Inter-American, systems of protection - affords several
examples of such interpretative interaction68.
62.
Moreover, given the possible concurrent interpretation of equivalent provisions
of two or more human rights treaties, there is room for the search of the most
favourable norm to the alleged victim. This test - primacy of the most favourable norm
to the individual, - gathers express support in certain provisions of such human rights
treaties such as Article 29(b) of the American Convention on Human Rights, and has
found application in practice.
63.
The essential motivation underlying the interpretation of human rights treaties
has been, rather than to ensure the uniformity of international law in general and in all
circumstances whatsoever, to respond effectively to the needs and imperatives of the
67
68
. P. Reuter, Introduction au droit des traités, 2nd. ed., Paris, PUF, 1985, p. 120.
. Cf. A.A. Cançado Trindade, "Co-existence and Co-ordination of Mechanisms...", op. cit. supra n. (14), pp.
91-112, esp. pp. 101-103.
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