14 66. The Emberá of Alto Bayano are presently organized in four communities: Ipetí Emberá, 54 Piriatí Emberá, Maje Emberá, and Unión Emberá. The land the Emberá of Bayano currently occupy is bounded to the north by the Pan American Highway, to the south by settlers’ lands, to the east it follows the course of the Ipetí river to its headwaters, and to the west it follows the course of the Curtí river and 55 borders on the perimeter of the lands of the Kuna indigenous people of Madungandí. 67. The Emberá are traditionally given to farming, especially growing plantain, corn, and rice. 56 They also hunt and fish. For this group the wood provided by their jungle surroundings is one of the most important elements, for: “Of wood are made the dwellings and much of the furniture, the artisanal sugar crushers and mortars called ‘pilón’ and the ‘mano de pilón’ are used to hull the rice and grinding the corn. Balsam wood is used for the ritual staffs of the healer and for the anthropomorphic and zoomorphic 57 figures for the same purpose.” 68. As a subgroup of the Chocó, the Emberá were traditionally known as a group that lacked a well-defined political organization and with a habitat in dispersed dwellings. Beginning in 1968, when the first National Indigenous Congress was held in Alto de Jesús, in Veraguas, the Chocó decided to 58 adopt the Kuna model of organization and selected the first Emberá caciques. 69. The current political-administrative structure consists mainly of the Emberá General Congress of Alto Bayano, considered the maximum Emberá authority, which has the legislative function; the Caciques Generales, or Caciques General, considered the leading Emberá political and administrative authorities, whose functions are to coordinate all the economic, social, and political activities to the benefit of the communities and to represent the Emberá people before the government and private institutions; and the Nocoes or local leaders, who represent the cacique in each community, 59 and lead the activities in their respective communities. 3. The non-indigenous population or “settlers” (“colonos”) in Bayano 70. At the time of the relocation or move of the Kuna indigenous people of Madungandí and the Emberá of the Bayano, due to the construction of the hydroelectric complex, there were a few settlers in the Bayano region who reached compensation agreements with the State because they also had to move. After the construction of the hydroelectric dam and with the construction of the Pan American 60 Highway, the number of settlers in the zone increased considerably. Given the difference between the hunter and fisher way of life of the indigenous communities and the extensive practice of the peasants, 54 Petitioners’ brief of May 25, 2011, received by the IACHR on May 31, 2011; and the petitioners’ brief of May 16, 2012, received by the IACHR that same day. 55 Brief of additional observations on the merits by the petitioners, received by the IACHR on December 18, 2009. In addition, Annex 10. Technical report “Gira de campo para la revisión de la propuesta de Tierras Colectivas en la provincia de Darién, Distrito de Chepigana, corregimientos de Santa Fe y la Provincia de Panamá, Distrito de Chepo, corregimiento de Tortí; según ley 72 de 23 de diciembre de 2008.” Annex, State’s brief of October 3, 2011, received by the IACHR October 4, 2011. 56 Annex 1. Esther Urieta Donos, thesis “Ipeti-Choco: Una comunidad Indígena de Panamá afectada por una Presa Hidroeléctrica.” Universidad Veracruzana, School of Anthropology, 1994. pp. 66-67. Annex C to Petitioners’ brief of additional observations on the merits, received by the IACHR on December 18, 2009. 57 Annex 1. Esther Urieta Donos, thesis “Ipeti-Choco: Una comunidad Indígena de Panamá afectada por una Presa Hidroeléctrica”. Universidad Veracruzana, School of Anthropology, 1994. p. 68. Annex C to Petitioners’ brief of additional observations on the merits, received by the IACHR on December 18, 2009. 58 Annex 1. Esther Urieta Donos, thesis “Ipeti-Choco: Una comunidad Indígena de Panamá afectada por una Presa Hidroeléctrica”. Universidad Veracruzana, School of Anthropology, 1994. p. 81. Annex C to Petitioners’ brief of additional observations on the merits, received by the IACHR on December 18, 2009. Also in: Reina Torres de Araúz. “Cunas (Tules).” In: Panamá indígena. Panama City: Panama Canal Authority. 1999. pp. 239-240. 59 Reina Torres de Araúz. “Chocoes (Enberá y Wounaan)”. In: Panamá indígena. Panama City: Panama Canal Authority. 1999. pp. 239-240. Citing a document by the Ministry of Justice and Interior. 1967. Unpublished. Also in: State’s brief of October 3, 2011, received by the IACHR October 4, 2011; and State’s brief of May 14, 2012, received by the IACHR that same day. 60 Petitioners’ initial petition of May 11, 2000.