13 54. Witness Augusto Yamada-Yamada, M.D., Head Physician of the Pathological Anatomy Department of the Navy Hospital, an officer of the Navy with the rank of Commander of Navy Health, stated that on June 19 and 20, 1986 he started to conduct autopsies at "El Frontón"; that members of the police took fingerprints, while an odontologist took the tooth prints; that he prepared the autopsy records and the death certificates; that he was under the orders of the Judge of the Navy; that of the 38 autopsies, he certified that seventeen indicated firearm wounds and 21 indicated crushing as the cause of death; that in some cases the bullet wounds were multiple and had not been inflicted at short distance; that identification was being handled by the Investigations Police; that on four death certificates, the names of the dead to be written on them were provided by the Judge; that he did not find shrapnel in the corpses; that the bodies he examined were more or less complete, except for three which did not have their heads and that he performed the autopsies on June 19 and 20, several in July, and five on January 22, 1989. 55. Witness Juan Kruger-Párraga, an anatomical-pathologist M.D., stated that, up to 1989, he was head of the Pathology Department of the Naval Medical Center with the rank of Captain; that the purpose of the autopsy, among others, is to determine the cause of death, because in Peru identification of the bodies is the responsibility of the Investigations Police; that the identification is not a part of the doctor's mission; that he was summoned to perform autopsies at the "El Frontón" Island, and the first time that he was there was on July 5, 1986, and the last on January 22, 1987; that he performed 23 autopsies and on all of the records he indicated that "some were in, or the majority were in, a state of putrefaction" and many showed multiple fractures by crushing; that none of the autopsy records that he signed identifies the person; that odontologists participated in the autopsies taking tooth prints in those cases where dental pieces were found, and that these prints were given to the Judge of the Navy; that some of the bodies were in civilian clothes but that he did not specify this in the record; that he did not find traces of firearm wounds in the bodies; that, because of the condition of the bodies, he was not able to determine whether any among them had died on the 18th or the 19th; that each autopsy took two or more hours; that in few of the corpses did he find signs of burns. 56. Expert Robert H. Kirschner, a forensic doctor and pathologist, stated that he is Assistant and Deputy Medical Examiner to the main Medical Examiner of Cook County, Illinois, in Chicago and surrounding areas; that in his professional practice he has performed more than seven thousand autopsies and described some of his experiences. It was his opinion that, in the case of the prison in Peru, the authorities must have had, as is customary, fingerprints of the inmates and that it would have been easy to compare them to those of the corpses, the same as with tooth prints, tattoos, and old scars; that, to this effect, the assistance of the family is very important; that on June 20 it would have been very easy, having the necessary information, to identify all the corpses; that it is very important to photograph and make diagrams of the site of a disaster before removing the bodies, even to determine the cause of death; that the autopsies were performed professionally but that mistakes were made by those in charge of the identifications; that, even now, many identifications could be made, even without an exhumation, especially with the relatives cooperation; that identification is impossible in only a few cases; that an internal explosion would leave perceptible traces on the body. 57. Expert Dr. Clyde C. Snow, a forensic doctor and anthropologist, stated that since 1984 he has been called many times outside the United States of America to investigate cases of disappearances or mass executions in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Guatemala, El Salvador, Iraq, Kurdistan, and the former Yugoslavia; that many of those cases were more difficult than the "El Frontón" case because, in this case, a list of the inmates was available, and the correctional records should have contained physical descriptions, fingerprints, dental proof, etc.; that to a certain extent mummification makes identification easier, particularly because of fingerprints and marks on the skin; that statistically it is not probable that one doctor would have found 17 bodies among 96 with bullet wounds while the other two doctors found none; that, in a building much