46. The Commission also has public information on investigations opened against individuals who—as described below—were involved in alleged irregular adoptions, including the adoption of the Ramírez brothers. 47. On this point, the Commission notes that Susana Luarca Saracho was the attorney and director of the Guatemala Children’s Association Residence at the time the Ramírez boys were admitted to that center. Mrs. Luarca was the subject of multiple complaints alleging threats and intimidation, as well as other forms of pressure, aimed at judicial actors and parties to the adoption cases she handled.41 48. According to information that is public knowledge, in 2009 Mrs. Luarca was arrested for her alleged participation in an illegal adoption ring.42 In that case, the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), as private prosecutor, recommended that Mrs. Luarca be prosecuted for similar offenses of human trafficking and the use of forged documents.43 49. On August 1, 2014 the Office of the Prosecutor General of Guatemala brought charges against Mrs. Luarca for having processed at least 101 adoption cases in an irregular manner, charging her with the offenses of conspiracy, human trafficking, and the use of forged documents.44 50. Judge Mario Peralta Castañeda, who was involved in the appeals filed by Mrs. Ramírez, was stripped of his immunity by the Supreme Court.45 According to information published in the media, Judge Peralta was accused of having participated in illegal adoptions in Guatemala by issuing judicial certificates stating that children with a certain adoption profile did not have parents when in fact they did.46 3. The brothers Osmín Ricardo Amílcar Tobar Ramírez and J.R. and their family 3.1. General information 51. Osmín Ricardo Amílcar Tobar Ramírez was born on June 24, 1989.47 He was acknowledged at the Vital Records Office of Guatemala by his parents Gustavo Tobar Fajardo and Flor de María Ramírez Escobar.48 J.R. was born on August 27, 1995.49 He was acknowledged at the Vital Records Office of Guatemala 41 “María Loarca de Umaña, esposa de ex-presidente de la Corte de Suprema de Justicia involucrada en el tráfico de personas,” Fundación Sobrevivientes. Available at: http://fsobrevivientes.blogspot.com/2009/12/esposa-de-ex-presidente-de-la-corte.html 42 “María Loarca de Umaña, esposa de ex-presidente de la Corte de Suprema de Justicia involucrada en el tráfico de personas,” Fundación Sobrevivientes. Available at: http://fsobrevivientes.blogspot.com/2009/12/esposa-de-ex-presidente-de-la-corte.html 43 “Asociación Primavera lawyer, director found guilty of human trafficking in ‘Karen Abigail’ case,” Finding Fernanda. Available at: http://findingfernanda.com/2011/10/sentencing-today-in-karen-abigail-case-timothy-and-jennifer-monahan-appear-ontv/ 44 “Asociación Primavera lawyer, director found guilty of human trafficking in ‘Karen Abigail’ case,” Finding Fernanda. Available at: http://findingfernanda.com/2011/10/sentencing-today-in-karen-abigail-case-timothy-and-jennifer-monahan-appear-ontv/ 45 “Piden juicio por caso de adopción ilegal en Asociación Primavera,” August 1, 2014. Diario La Hora. Available at: http://lahora.gt/piden-juicio-por-caso-de-adopcion-ilegal-en-asociacion-primavera/. See also: “CSJ retira inmunidad a juez por adopciones ilegales,” May 8, 2014. Diario Prensa Libre. Available at: http://www.prensalibre.com/noticias/justicia/CSJ-retirainmunidad-juez-Escuintla-Mario-Peralta_0_1134486733.html 46 “Piden juicio por caso de adopción ilegal en Asociación Primavera,” August 1, 2014. Diario La Hora. Available at: http://lahora.gt/piden-juicio-por-caso-de-adopcion-ilegal-en-asociacion-primavera/. See also: “CSJ retira inmunidad a juez por adopciones ilegales,” May 8, 2014. Diario Prensa Libre. Available at: http://www.prensalibre.com/noticias/justicia/CSJ-retirainmunidad-juez-Escuintla-Mario-Peralta_0_1134486733.html 47 Annex 1. Birth Certificate No. 4,519, Page 19, Book No. 82-G, July 3, 1989. 48 Annex 1. Birth Certificate No. 4,519, Page 19, Book No. 82-G, July 3, 1989. 49 Annex 2. Birth Certificate No. 284, Page 172, Book No. 193-G, January 12, 1996. 9