21 He has been in contact with the Awas Tingni Community. He has visited the Community three times, in March and July of 1995 and in January of 1999. The purpose of those visits was to study the relationship between the people of the Awas Tingni settlement and the land they utilize, and this required a socio-political and historical study, as well as other research. He started work on this study thanks to a project funded by the World Wildlife Fund. They hired the University of Iowa, which in turn hired him for this study. The results of his study on the Awas Tingni Community were documented, first as a preliminary report, in 1996, in which he included a map with the lands of the Awas Tingni settlement, and then in another report in January of 1999. The purpose of the latter report was to expand on that of 1996, since it had been a preliminary report, and furthermore upon returning he found that there were many things he wanted to learn about the history of the Mayagna Community. There are no contradictions between those two reports, but the second one entered into greater ethnographic depth, and more details were obtained to support the study. The Awas Tingni Community prepared a map, roughly in 1992, without his advisory assistance; they made it on their own and showed it to him when he began the study of the witness. According to the Mayagna, this map represents the territory which belongs to them. In that map one can see the boundary, the place where the main community is located, where other communities are located, the sacred places, and other, older places where they lived before. One can also see the Wawa River, which runs westward toward the Atlantic Coast. There are two other maps, made by the witness. The first of these maps was made in 1996 with a computer system called Geographical Information System (GIS). What he did was enter the data and information gathered by the Community to determine the complete extent of the territory. In this map one can see the settlement of the Awas Tingni Community, the Wawa River, Tuburús, the sacred places, and also the boundary. The second map, drawn in 1999, is almost the same. The main difference is that it is hand drawn, but both maps are based on the same information. The methodology used to make the map was as follows: first he began in the Awas Tingni Community with a Geographical Positioning System (GPS), which operates based on satellites. During the first stage, he went up the Wawa River with five members of the Community, to gather data on the use of the land throughout the territory and to corroborate the information received from the Community. During the second stage, after being trained by the witness, members of the Community traveled the territory with the GPS equipment. They recorded more than 150 reference points during those visits. To carry out the work of locating reference points so as to make the map, two young members of the Community were trained. In this way, fieldwork for the map was carried out by indigenous people of Awas Tingni. Once this information is included in the point positioning system, there is no way to manipulate it. The reference points obtained were reflected on a basic map, prepared by a professional cartographer (a law student at Harvard University, who had learned to operate the Geographical Information System -GIS- and who was a computer expert).