comprehensive remedy to victims of violations that have occurred. As noted by professor and judge Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade, although reparatio does not change the wrong that has already been committed and the pain that has been caused, it has a double purpose: (i) to provide reparation to the victims and their families whose rights have been violated and (ii) restore the legal order, built on the basis of full respect for human rights, undermined by the violations. 9 To restore the legal order, it is necessary to guarantee that the offending behavior is not repeated, in a movement guided by the "spirit of human solidarity." 10 3. Supported by these notions, the Court defined the following reparatory measures in the case in question: maintaining the criminal proceedings open against E.G.A; determining the responsibility of state officials who potentially contributed to the commission of the violations; the publication of this judgment; holding a public act of recognition of international responsibility; the adaptation and adoption of state conduct protocols; the implementation of training for public officers whose work involves issues of sexual violence and for forensic doctors; the launch of an awareness campaign on the issue of incest; the incorporation of adequate information on the risks, prevention and reporting of sexual violence in school materials; the implementation of a data collection system on cases of sexual violence against minors; and adjustments in the domestic legal system. 11 4. With the primary objective of more forcefully addressing general prevention measures, that is, essentially aimed at unraveling the restrictions that have been imposed on Ms. Losada in her access to justice, faced by countless people, I present this concurrent opinion. Specifically, I think it is essential to deepen some discussions on reparatory measures related to the modifications of Bolivian criminal legislation. In the case in question, the Court ruled that the State must adapt its legal system (in particular, its criminal legislation) so that: the absence of consent is central and constitutive of the crime of rape (the coercive circumstances that nullify consent must be taken into account), 12 that the crime of statutory rape be eliminated from the legal system, 13 and that incestuous rape be given visibility by giving it its own nomen juris in the Bolivian Criminal Code. 14 5. Thus, this opinion will be structured as follows: preliminary considerations on the case being tried (I); reflections on the role of the inter-American system of human rights ("IHR System") to ensure the adaptation of domestic laws to international standards and on the complex interaction between the field of Human Rights and Criminal Law (II); deepen the discussion on the necessary modification of the offense of "rape" and the suppression of the offense of "statutory rape" to effectively incorporate the criterion of consent as central in sexual crimes (III); and substantiate my position that the best measure for Bolivia to adopt when adapting its domestic legal system to give greater visibility to incestuous rape is to adopt a specific nomen juris for incestuous rape (IV). 9 Cf. Case of Bulacio vs. Argentina. Preliminary Exceptions, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of September 18, 2003. Series C No. 100. Reasoned Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, para. 22. 10 Cf. Case of Bulacio vs. Argentina. Preliminary Exceptions, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of September 18, 2003. Series C No. 100. Reasoned Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, para. 22 (our emphasis). 11 Cf. Judgment, para. 230. 12 Ibid., para. 198. 13 Ibid., para. 199. 14 Ibid., para. 201. 2

Select target paragraph3