work in the informal sector, and only 10% of those with social security are indigenous people. 31 Indigenous people also have a high rate of illiteracy, 32 since 50% of indigenous children do not attend school. Indigenous girls who receive education usually attend school for approximately two years, compared to six years for non-indigenous girls. 33 Moreover, “the majority of the indigenous population does not have access to primary health care” due to “lack of infrastructure, personnel and medicines.” 34 37. Moreover, as the Court has indicated in its judgments in previous cases concerning Guatemala, 35 the internal armed conflict had a significant cultural impact on the country’s indigenous communities. In this regard, the Court noted that the “human rights violations that occurred during the internal armed conflict in Guatemala also meant the loss of cultural and religious values and practices of the Maya peoples, as well as their social, economic and political institutions.” 36 The Court has likewise acknowledged the existence of racial and ethnic discrimination, the presence of racial and ethnic stereotypes, and violence against indigenous peoples. 37 38. Historical discrimination against indigenous peoples was recognized in 1995 by the State of Guatemala in the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples 38 (hereinafter “AIDPI”), 39 which forms part of the Peace Accords signed to put an end to the internal armed conflict. The persistence of such discrimination was also recognized at the international level in 2018, when the then Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples noted, after her visit to Guatemala, that “the main structural problem affecting the Practicum of Boston College Law School (merits file, folio 763), and amicus curiae brief presented by the Bufete Para Pueblos Indígenas (merits file, folio 946). 31 Cf. UN, Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on her visit to Guatemala. Doc. A/HRC/39/17/Add.3, 10 August 2018, para. 87. 32 Cf. Written version of the expert report submitted to the Court by José Francisco Calí Tzay on May 24, 2021 (evidence file, folio 1415). 33 Cf. UN, Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on her visit to Guatemala, supra, para. 92. 34 UN, Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on her visit to Guatemala, supra, para. 89. 35 Cf. Case of the Plan de Sánchez Massacre v. Guatemala. Merits. Judgment of April 29, 2004. Series C No. 105, and Members of Chichupac Village and Neighboring Communities of the Municipality of Rabinal v. Guatemala. Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs. Judgment of November 30, 2016. Series C No. 328. 36 Cf. Case of the Plan de Sánchez Massacre v. Guatemala. Merits, supra, para. 42.7 and Members of Chichupac Village and Neighboring Communities of the Municipality of Rabinal v. Guatemala. Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs, supra, para. 80. 37 Cf. Members of Chichupac Village and Neighboring Communities of the Municipality of Rabinal v. Guatemala. Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs, supra, paras. 318 to 320. 38 The Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples states that “to overcome the age-old discrimination against indigenous peoples, the assistance of all citizens will be needed in the effort to change thinking, attitudes and behaviour. This change must begin with a clear recognition by all Guatemalans of the reality of racial discrimination and of the compelling need to overcome it and achieve true peaceful coexistence Cf. Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples (enacted on March 31, 1995, signed in Mexico City by the Government of the Republic of Guatemala and the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, as part of the Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace, sponsored by the United Nations), chapter II, section A (1). Available at: http://www.lacult.unesco.org/docc/oralidad_08_70-79-anales.pdf. 39 The Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples is one of the Peace Accords signed by the Government of Guatemala and the Unidad Revolucionaria National Guatemalteca (URNG) “to achieve peaceful solutions to the main problems that caused the armed conflict of more than 36 years.” Available at: http://www.muniguate.com/images/2011/user01/fuentes_monumentos/manitas_paz/acuerdosdepazenguatemala.pd fThe Framework Law for the Peace Agreements, Decree 52-2005, characterizes the Peace Accords as “State commitments.” Cf. Congress Decree 52-2005, of August 3, 2005, Article 3 (evidence file, folio 1827). See also: Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, supra, and written version of the expert opinion submitted to the Court by José Francisco Calí Tzay, supra (evidence file, folio 1412). -12-