16 peoples.75 In 2006 there was an incident in which local indigenous inhabitants were near the post, and one of the guards fired a shot in the air in the direction of the indigenous persons.76 3. Wane Kreek Reserve 55. On August 26, 1986, after its independence the government of Suriname established the Wane Kreek Nature Reserve.77 This Reserve was created for the conservation of savannas, marsh and ridge forests and swamps, and other biological diversity.78 This Reserve, like the Wia Wia and Galibi Reserves, includes lands that the Kaliña and Lokono claim they have ancestrally and traditionally owned and used. It is undisputed that the Kaliña and Lokono traditionally hunt and fish inside the Wane Kreek Nature Reserve.79 56. The 1986 State Decree creating the Wane Kreek Reserves provides that to the extent there are “villages and settlements of bushland inhabitants living in tribal form, within the areas designated by this State Decree as nature reserves, the rights acquired by virtue thereof, will be respected.”80 The State’s position is that traditional activities of indigenous peoples are to be respected “as much as possible.”81 57. A bauxite82 mining concession was granted in 1958, and mining activities inside the Wane Kreek Reserve began in 1997.83 The concession area is approximately 100 hectares, inside 75 Annex 6. Petition, para. 91; Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, p. 9. 76 Annex 6. Petition, para. 91; Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, p. 9, and Annex 18. Attachment I, Affidavit of Ferdinand Baal and Bryan Drakenstein, p. 2, describing the shot to the air as “appropriate police response to civil disobedience.“ 77 Annex 6. Petition, para. 83; Annex 20. Submission of petitioners, May 29, 2008, Annex D, State Decree of 26 August 1986, Nature Protection Decree 1986. 78 Submission of Suriname, March 22, 2008, p. 6. 79 Annex 6. Petition, para. 86, 142; Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, p. 10, and Annex 21. Attachment III to Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, Affidavit of Glenn Renaldo Kingswijk. 80 Annex 20. Submission of petitioners, May 29, 2008, Annex D, Nature Protection Decree of August 26, 1986, Article 81 Annex 21. Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, Attachment III, Affidavit of Glenn Renaldo Kingswijk. 4. 82 Bauxite is an aluminum ore and the main source of common aluminum. In a report titled Environmental Aspects of Bauxite, Alumina and Aluminum Production in Brazil, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development has explained that “[t]he main environmental problems associated with bauxite mining are related to the rehabilitation of mined-out areas and the disposal of tailings. Emissions of dust consisting of clay and bauxite particles from dryers’ chimneys can also pose problems. In alumina production, the disposal of bauxite residue saturated with caustic soda ("red mud") is the main problem, although emissions to the atmosphere of gases and particles from boilers, calcination furnaces and bauxite dryers may also be important. In aluminum smelting, the emission of fluorides from reduction cells and of gases, smoke and steam resulting from pitch distillation are considered most important. Finally, in aluminum fabrication, emissions of gases and particles from smelting and re-heating furnaces pose the largest problems.” UNCTAD, Environmental Aspects of Bauxite, Alumina and Aluminum Production in Brazil, February 8, 1995, UNCTAD/COM/49, p. 13. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Docs/pocomd49.en.pdf. In a report about “Environmental Issues Related to Bauxite Mining and Processing, With Emphasis on Biodiversity and Water,” the Bauxite Instituut discusses the consequences of bauxite mining in Suriname, and explains that bauxite mining can have very drastic effects on the environment, including pollution of water sources and coastal areas, as well as significant soil degradation. available at: http://www.bauxietinstituut.com/files/Environmental%20problems%20related%20to%20bauxite%20mining%20and%20proces sing-Paul%20Ouboter.pdf.