10 40(9)(i) Carlos Augusto Molina Palma, the victim’s father, was an opponent of the military regime installed in 1954; consequently, he was detained, physically abused and exiled from Guatemala on several occasions from 1955 to 1960. In 1966, Carlos Augusto reported the forced disappearance of his brother, Alfredo, publicly; 40(9)(ii) Ana Lucrecia Molina Theissen, the victim’s sister, was a high school leader. Subsequently, as a teacher, she joined trade union organizations and was a member of the governing council of the Frente Nacional Magisterial [National Teachers’ Front], an organization she represented on the Comité Nacional de Unidad Sindical [National Trade Union Unity Committee] from 1976 to 1978. As a university student she occasionally took part in activities promoted by the FRENTE group; 40(9)(iii) María Eugenia Molina Theissen, the victim’s sister, formed part of the administrative personnel of the Universidad de San Carlos. She married Héctor Alvarado Chuga, a former high school leader, who also studied in this university and worked as a professor in the university’s Escuela de Orientación Sindical [School for studies on trade unions]; 40(9)(iv) Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen, the victim’s sister, was a member of “Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo,” which was attached to the Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT). Julio César del Valle Cóbar, her companion, was a leader of the FRENTE student party at the Universidad de San Carlos, in Guatemala City, at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. On March 19, 1976, both of them were detained when they were conducting a census of one of the urban settlements established after the earthquake of February 4, 1976. During this incident, one of the students who formed part of the group, Eduardo Alvarado Chuga, Héctor Alvarado’s brother, was killed, and a young woman was paralyzed after being shot in the back. The authors of these acts, transit police, remained unpunished. Emma Guadalupe and Julio César were accused of “subversion” and subsequently acquitted; her case was heard by the minor’s court, because she was just under 15 years of age. While she was retained by her captors, before being handed over to the competent judicial authorities, she was raped and tortured for several days. As of this time, it is believed that military intelligence opened a dossier on both of them. On March 22, 1980, Julio César del Valle Cóbar was found tortured and shot in his car. According to reports, the “para-military forces” were responsible for this act. As a result of her companion’s assassination, Emma Guadalupe had to go into hiding and flee Guatemala City. On September 27, 1981, Emma Guadalupe was detained by members of the armed forces, who kept her in illegal and clandestine custody for nine days in the installations of the “Manuel Lisandro Barillas” Military Barracks in Quetzaltenango. During her detention, she was maintained incommunicado, blindfolded and handcuffed to the leg of a bunk bed. She was interrogated constantly and violently, suffering many kinds of torture: repeated rape by members of the army, blows,