3 VIII MERITS ............................................................................................................. 36 VIII.1. RIGHT TO PERSONAL LIBERTY, IN RELATION TO THE OBLIGATION TO RESPECT AND ENSURE RIGHTS ................................................................................ 37 A) Arguments of the parties and of the Commission ................................................... 37 B) Considerations of the Court .................................................................................... 40 B.1. Article 7(2) of the American Convention (right not to be deprived of liberty unlawfully) in relation to Article 1(1) of this instrument ................................................ 41 B.2. Article 7(4) of the American Convention (right to be informed of the reasons for the detention), in relation to Article 1(1) of this instrument ................................................ 47 B.3. Article 7(5) and 7(3) of the American Convention (right to judicial control of the detention and right not to be deprived of liberty arbitrarily), in relation to Article 1(1) of this instrument ........................................................................................................ 48 B.4. Article 7(6) of the American Convention (right to recourse to a competent judge or court for a decision on the lawfulness of the arrest or detention), in relation to Article 1(1) of this instrument..................................................................................................... 50 B.5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 51 VIII.2. RIGHT TO HUMANE TREATMENT AND TO PRIVACY, AND OBLIGATION TO PREVENT AND PUNISH TORTURE .............................................................................. 51 A) General standards relating to personal integrity and the torture of detainees ......52 B) The detention of Gladys Espinoza and the events that took place on the premises of the DIVISE and DINCOTE in April and May 1993 ................................................ 53 B.1. Arguments of the Commission and of the parties .................................................. 53 B.2. Considerations of the Court ................................................................................ 55 C) Detention conditions of Gladys Carol Espinoza Gonzáles in the Yanamayo Maximum Security Prison of Puno and the incident that occurred on August 5, 1999 ...................................................................................................................... 72 C.1. Arguments of the Commission and of the parties .................................................. 72 C.2. Considerations of the Court ................................................................................ 73 VIII.3 SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND THE OBLIGATION NOT TO DISCRIMINATE AGAINST WOMEN, IN RELATION TO THE OBLIGATION TO RESPECT RIGHTS ............................ 77 A) Arguments of the parties and of the Commission ................................................... 77 B) Considerations of the Court .................................................................................... 77 B.1. The discriminatory practice of sexual violence and rape .......................................... 79 VIII.4. RIGHTS TO JUDICIAL GUARANTEES AND TO JUDICIAL PROTECTION ........... 81 A) Arguments of the Commission and of the parties ................................................... 81 B) Considerations of the Court .................................................................................... 83 B.1. The failure to investigate between 1993 and 2012 the events that occurred on the premises of the DIVISE and the DINCOTE in 1993 and the incident that took place in the Yanamayo Prison in 1999 .......................................................................................... 86 B.2. The investigation opened in 2012 ...................................................................... 100 VIII.5. RIGHT TO PERSONAL INTEGRITY OF THE VICTIM’S NEXT OF KIN, IN RELATION TO THE OBLIGATION TO RESPECT AND TO ENSURE RIGHTS ................. 101 A) Arguments of the parties and of the Commission ................................................. 101 B) Considerations of the Court .................................................................................. 102