that women between the ages of 20 and 29 are most likely to suffer domestic violence for the first time.48 50. In 2006, Law No. 11.340 (hereinafter “Maria da Penha Law”)49 was enacted to combat domestic and family violence against women. Data from 2006 to 2013 indicate that, although the number of homicides of women decreased immediately after the law came into force, it subsequently increased again.50 51. Between 2006 and 2010, data from the World Health Organization on homicides of women, collected in 84 countries, placed Brazil in seventh place.51 Despite the enactment of Law No. 13.194 (hereinafter the “Femicide Law”), which defined femicide as an aggravated form of homicide52 in the Criminal Code, the Latin-American Faculty of Social Sciences (hereinafter “FLACSO”) 53 in 2015, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights54 in 2016, ranked Brazil as the country with the fifth highest rate of gender-related homicides of women in the world. Subsequently, a study on the evolution of violence in Brazil, conducted by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada) (hereinafter “IPEA”) in 2018, showed that murders of women in the country had increased by almost 5% between 2006 and 2016.55 Likewise, a survey carried out by a newspaper in Brazil also presented data showing a renewed increase in the number of homicides of women in 2017.56 52. On the other hand, it was observed that in the state of Paraíba murder rates for women between 1990 and 2000 did not vary substantially. However, by 2017, the number of women murdered per 100,000 inhabitants almost doubled in relation to 1990. 57 53. It is important to note that violent deaths of women in Brazil do not occur evenly; there is a significant difference by race.58 Overall, the rate of victimization of black women in the Cf. Report “Domestic and family violence against women”, published in August 2015 by the Federal Senate of Brazil, p. 11 to 18. Available at: https://www12.Senate.leg.br/institucional/omv/entenda-a-violence/pdfs/violencedomestica-e-familiar-contra-a-mulher. 49 Cf. Law No. 11.340 of August 7, 2006 (evidence file, folios 8922 to 8931). 50 Cf. WAISELFISZ, Julio Jacobo. Map of violence 2015: Homicide of Women in Brazil. Brasilia: FLACSO BRAZIL. 2015, p. 12-20. Available at: http://www.onumulheres.org.br/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/MapaViolence_2015_mulheres.pdf. 51 Cf. WAISELFISZ, Julio Jacobo. Map of violence 2012 – Supplementary Notebook 1: Homicide of Women in Brazil. São Paulo: Instituto Sangari. 2012, p. 11. Available at: https://assets-compromissOAStitudeipg.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/2012/08/Mapa-Violence-2012_HomicidiosMulheres.pdf. 52 Cf. Law Nº 13.104 of March 9, 2015. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato20152018/2015/lei/L13104.htm. 53 Cf. WAISELFISZ, Julio Jacobo. Map of Violence 2015: Homicide of Women in Brazil, supra. 54 Cf. UN. “UN: Femicide rate in Brazil is the fifth highest in the world; National Guidelines seek solution.” April 9, 2016, updated on April 12, 2016. Available at: https://Brazil.un.org/pt-br/72703-onu-taxa-de-femicides-no-Brazile-quinta-maior-do-mundo-diretrizes-nacionais-buscam. 55 Cf. IPEA, “Brazil surpasses for the first time the threshold of 30 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.” June 5, 2018. Availablehttp://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=comcontent&view=article&id=33411&catid=8&Itemid=6. 56 Cf. Velasco, Clara; Caesar, Gabriela; and Reis, Thiago. “The number of women victims of homicide grows in Brazil”. Online newspaper G1.7. March 2018. Available at: https://g1.globo.com/monitor-da-violence/noticia/crescen-de-mulheres-vitimas-de-homicidio-no-Brazil-dados-de-femicide-sao-subnotificados.ghtml. 57 Cf. Amicus curiae brief presented by the International Law Clinic of the University of Curitiba (UNICURITIBA) (merits file, folios 647-648). 58 The expert witness Geraldine Grace da Fonseca da Justa stated that the poorest women, especially black women, are among the main victims of violence in Brazil. Cf. Affidavit rendered by Geraldine Grace da Fonseca da Justa on January 14, 2021 (evidence file, folios 10505 to 10515). 48 -17-