47. Specifically, it is known that between 1961–1988 in Brazil, 75 union members, 14 attorneys, seven religious workers, and 463 leaders of collective struggles were killed, among others. 43 According to a government report from 2013, “[b]eing an attorney for peasants during the military dictatorship was a high-risk profession [...], [r]isk of death.” 44 From 1961–1988, the state of Pará saw the most deaths and disappearances, 45 with 528 homicides between 1980–1993 and 772 between 1971–2004, of which 239 and 574 respectively took place in the south of the state. 46 A number of international bodies and organizations have called attention to Pará's recurring violent conflicts related to land struggles, which have resulted in the deaths of hundreds of rural workers, union leaders, attorneys, human rights defenders, and others. 47 48. A study carried out by a government agency concluded that during the years of the military dictatorship, which is the time period of the events that gave rise to this case: violence was committed by private actors with the protection and encouragement of the state, on the basis of class commitments that brought large landowners, rural businesspeople, and the military government together as allies. This violent lawlessness served the interests of the regime as a check on the increasing organization of rural workers. 48 49. The Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic also acknowledged the collusion of state actors in the persecution and homicide of rural workers and those defending their rights. 49 Similar statements have been made by the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary killings and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights defenders. 50 50. Various reports on the situation of violence against human rights defenders specifically in the context of rural conflicts document high numbers of threats and homicides. 51 The organization Global 43 Cf. Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, Brazil. Camponeses Mortos e Desaparacidos: Excluídos da Justiça de Transição, supra, p. 28, and Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brazil. Retrato da Repressão Política no Campo—Brasil 1962–1985: Camponeses torturados, mortos e desaparecidos, 1st Edition: Brasília, DF, 2010, pp. 326–330. Available in Portuguese at: https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/memoria-e-verdade/retrato-da-repressaopolitica-no-campo-2013-brasil-1962-1985-camponeses-torturados-mortos-e-desaparecidos/view. Cf. Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, Brazil. Camponeses Mortos e Desaparacidos: Excluídos da Justiça de Transição, supra, p. 82. Similarly, Darci Frigo declared that “defending human rights is dangerous.” Cf. Expert opinion of Darci Frigo on March 8, 2022 (evidence file, folio 6723). 44 Cf. Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, Brazil. Camponeses Mortos e Desaparacidos: Excluídos da Justiça de Transição, supra, p. 25. 45 Cf. Airton dos Reis Pereira. Conflitos de Terra e Violência no sul do Pará (1975–1990), presented at the Tenth National Meeting of Oral History. Testemunhos: História e Política, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, April 26–30, 2010, p. 11. Available in Portuguese at: https://www.encontro2010.historiaoral.org.br/resources/anais/2/1268332455_ARQUIVO_ConflitosdeterraeViolencianoSuldo Para_1975-1990_.pdf, and Pastoral Land Commission et al. Human Rights Violations in the Amazon: Conflict and Violence in the State of Pará, 2005, p. 33. Available at: https://www.fdcl.org/wp-content/uploads/2005/11/relatorioparaingles.pdf. 46 47 Cf. UN, Report submitted by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights defenders, Hina Jilani, Addendum: Mission to Brazil. Doc. A/HRC/4/37/Add.2, December 19, 2006, paras. 16, 17, 19, and 20; UN, Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston. Doc. A/HRC/11/2/Add.2, March 23, 2009, para. 40; Human Rights Watch. Rural Violence in Brazil, 1991, pp. 21–23 and 57–66. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/reports//pdfs/b/brazil/brazil.912/braz912full.pdf; Human Rights Watch. The Struggle for Land in Brazil: Rural Violence Continues, supra, pp. 6–10; and Amnesty International, Corumbiara and Eldorado de Carajás: Rural violence, political brutality and impunity, 1998, pp. 4–6. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr19/001/1998/en/. 48 Cf. Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brazil. Retrato da Repressão Política no Campo—Brasil 1962–1985: Camponeses torturados, mortos e desaparecidos, 2nd Edition, supra, p. 26. 49 Cf. Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, Brazil. Camponeses Mortos e Desaparacidos: Excluídos da Justiça de Transição, supra, p. 23. 50 Cf. UN, Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Asma Jahangir. Addendum: Mission to Brazil. Doc. E/CN.4/2004/7/Add.3, p. 18, and UN, Report submitted by the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral on the situation of human rights defenders, Hina Jilani, Addendum: Mission to Brazil, supra, para. 18. Cf. Justiça Global and Front Line Defenders. Na Linha de Frente: Defensores de Direitos Humanos no Brasil, Resumo Available in Portuguese at: Executivo. http://www.dhnet.org.br/dados/relatorios/dh/br/jglobal/jglobal_frontline/01_resumoexecutivo.htm; International Federation 51 14