24 individuals took part in […] the death of [her] daughter Laura Albán.”58 At the time of filing the complaint, Carmen Cornejo de Albán was not acquainted with Dr. EspinozaCuesta’s full name because only his first last name appeared in the medical file. 73. The Honor Tribunal issued its decision on January 4, 1995. In said decision, it stated, inter alia, that: [Laura Albán’s] death allegedly occurred as a result of complications associated with her medical condition […]; [t]hat, however, the inherent disease toxicity is hard to distinguish from the toxicity derived from the intramuscular injection of ten (10) milligrams of morphine administered by the resident physician, […] [and found that] there [were] no grounds to determine Dr. Montenegro-López’s lack of fulfillment of his professional practice in treating patient Laura Albán […], and, consequently, it refrains from imposing any sanctions on the reported physician. In relation to Dr. N. Espinoza, owing to the fact that his identity was not established in the case and that no responsibility has been determined, this Honor Tribunal also refrains from imposing sanctions.59 74. The functions from the Honor Tribunal, based on the domestic legislation, do not determine nor do they replace the decisions that may be adopted by an administrative or judicial state body, or release such body from potential liability. 75. Nevertheless, this Court desires to highlight the significance of the work of said association in the investigation and disciplinary punishment of the doctors, among other tasks, when a medical malpractice is reported. Such procedures are to be carried out pursuant to Articles 22 and 24 of the Law of the Ecuadorian Medical Federation (Ley de la Federación Médica Ecuatoriana). 76. This Court finds it appropriate to put forth some considerations regarding the work of medical professional supervision entities taking into account, in particular, the social implications of the responsibility undertaken by professional organizations and their disciplinary bodies, the social expectation that generates and the broad, evolving and desirable bioethical assessment of the health care professionals´ role, which lies at the interface between moral duties and legal accountability.60 77. The duties of medical professional association tribunals comprise the obligation to oversee and watch over the ethical exercise of the medical profession and protect the legal interests related to medical practice, such as life, humane treatment and handling of scientific and medical information of patients´ health. 58 Cf. complaint filed by Carmen Cornejo de Albán, addressed to the President of the Pichincha Medical Association, on November 25, 1993 (file of internal proceeding, criminal case 010-97-AP, volume VI, pp. 1435 to 1439). 59 In said order, it was also asserted that "in relation to Dr. N. Andrade, owing to the fact that his identity was not established in the file and that no liability has been determined, this Tribunal also refrains from imposing sanctions. In relation to Nurse Myriam Barahona, this Tribunal finds that it lacks jurisdiction to prosecute and punish [...]" Cf. order of the Honor Tribunal dated January 4, 1995 (internal case file, criminal case No. 010-97-AP, volume VII, pp. 1530 to 1533). 60 Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, articles 13 and 14 adopted at the UNESCO’s General Conference held on November 11, 1997; International Declaration on Human Genetic Data, articles 6(b), 20 and 25, adopted at the UNESCO’s General Conference held on October 16, 2003; and Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, article 19, adopted at the UNESCO’s General Conference on October 19, 2005.

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