111. Despite the legal abolition, poverty and the concentration of land ownership were some of the structural causes that led to the continuation of slave labor in Brazil.63 Since they had neither land of their own nor a stable work situation, many workers in Brazil “submit[ted] to exploitation, accepting the risk of falling into situations of inhuman and degrading working conditions. […] Slave labor intensified in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s owing to the expansion of modern farming techniques that required the recruitment of more labourers.”64 By the middle of the twentieth century, the industrialization of the Amazon region had intensified,65 and the phenomenon of illegal ownership and uncontrolled adjudication of public lands was rife; this led to the consolidation of practices of slave labor in the haciendas of private or family firms that owned large tracts of land.66 In this context there was an absence of state control in the northern part of Brazil where some regional authorities had become allies of the landowners.67 By 1995, the State had begun to acknowledge officially the existence of slave labor in Brazil.68 According to the ILO, in 2010, “12.3 million people across the world were trapped in situations of forced labor,” and 25,000 of them were in Brazil.69 A.2. Characteristics of slave labor in Brazil 112. Most victims of slave labor in Brazil are workers from the north and northwest of the country, from states characterized by extreme poverty, with the highest levels of illiteracy and rural unemployment, including Maranhão, Piauí and Tocantins.70 Workers from these state migrate to states with the greatest demand for slave labor: Pará, Mato Grosso, Maranhão and Tocantins.71 The main activities employing slave labor are cattle ranching, large-scale agricultural production, deforestation and forestry, and charcoal.72 Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian. Mission to Brazil, August 30, 2010, para. 23 (evidence file, folio 163). 63 Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian. Mission to Brazil, August 30, 2010, paras. 24 and 25 (evidence file, folio 163). 64 International Labour Organization (ILO). Fighting forced labour: the example of Brazil. Brasilia, 2010, p. 38 (evidence file, folio 364). 65 International Labour Organization (ILO). Fighting forced labour: the example of Brazil. Brasilia, 2010, p. 39 (evidence file, folio 366). 66 International Labour Organization (ILO). Fighting forced labour: the example of Brazil. Brasilia, 2010, p.40 (evidence file, folio 366). 67 Ministry of Labor and Employment of Brazil. Manual to combat work in conditions similar to those of slavery. November 2011 (evidence file, folio 9991), and International Labour Organization (ILO). Fighting forced labour: the example of Brazil. Brasilia, 2010, p. 31 (evidence file, folio 334). 68 International Labour Organization (ILO). Fighting forced labour: the example of Brazil. Brasilia, 2010, p. 2 (evidence file, folio 359). 69 Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian. Mission to Brazil, August 30, 2010, para. 28 (evidence file, folio 163). 70 Written expert opinion of Raquel Elias Ferreira Dodge of February 18, 2016 (evidence file folio 15365). Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian. Mission to Brazil, August 30, 2010, para. 28 (evidence file, folio 163). 71 72 Written expert opinion of Raquel Elias Ferreira Dodge of February 18, 2016 (evidence file folio 15365). 27