19 commencing a period of "civil-military dictatorship"30 which extended until February 28, 1985,31 and in which “daily forms of surveillance and control of society,” were implemented, “and, more specifically, forms of repression against leftist political organizations.” 32 46. In the decade of the 1970s, transnational operations were established in the region in order to eliminate the guerilla groups, in the context of a counterinsurgency campaign that justified the expansion of the scope of action beyond the territorial limits, although in 1960 the Conference of American Armies—an organization of hemispheric security—had been created that was inspired by the “national security doctrine,” which met in secret sessions to discuss possible strategies and arrangements for joint operations. 33 47. In the case of Argentina, these activities started to become evident in late 1973, and in the beginning of 1974,34 by way of the persecution of leftist rebels, including the arrests, kidnappings, transport, and murder on behalf of the military and paramilitary.35                                                          30 Cf. Demasi, C., Marchesi, A., Markarian, V., Rico, A. and Yaffé, J, Civic Military Dictatorship in Uruguay 1973-1985, Montevideo, Edition by la Banda Oriental (Case file of annexes to the brief of motions and pleadings, Annex 17, folios 2417 a 2563); Historical Investigation on Detainees and Disappeared Persons in compliance with Article 4 of Law 15.488 of 2007, Supra note 23, Page 15. 31 Cf. Draft and presentation of arguments by the Executive Power for the creation of Law 18.596 (case file of annexes to the petition, appendix III, folios 1320- 1325); Article 1º of Law 18.596, supra note 8; C. Demasi, A. Marchesi, V. Markarian, A. Rico and J. Yaffé; Civic Military Dictatorship in Uruguay 19731985, supra note 30, folios 2417 to 2563. 32 Cf. Historical Investigation on Detainees and Disappeared Persons, supra note 23, page 73. The investigation adds “the surveillance, the control, the monitoring was carried out against all the political parties under the dictatorship,” page 74. 33 According to the basic text, the Charter of the Conference of the American Armies declared, among other things, that the mission of the armies is “to protect the continent from the aggressive actions of the International Communist Movement.” In this regard, Cf. J.P. McSherry, Los Estados Depredadores: la Operation Condor and la Guerra Encubierta en América Latina [Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America] (Spanish edition, Uruguay, Edition of the Banda Oriental, 2009), page 88 (Case file of annexes to the brief of motions and pleadings, Annex 19, folio 2867). 34 Cf. McSherry, Los Estados Depredadores: la Operation Condor and la Guerra Encubierta en América Latina [Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America], page 109, supra note 33, folio 2877. 35 Cf. Historical Investigation on Detainees and Disappeared Persons, supra note 23, Section 2, pages. 281 and ss; U.S Department of State, “Embassy Buenos Aires to SecState,” February 12, 1975; Uruguayan Embassy of Buenos Aires to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, telex C654/20, March 12, 1975, C. Demasi, A. Marchesi, V. Markarian, A. Rico and J. Yaffé, Civic Military Dictatorship, Uruguay 1973-1985, page 280, supra note 30, folio 2547; McSherry, Los Estados Depredadores: la Operation Condor and la Guerra Encubierta en América Latina [Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America], pages. 126 and 127, supra note 33, folio 2886.