met with Raúl Rafael Ramos, the latter commented that: “we used to do what Pedro said, because he was the one at the helm […] Pedro was that voice that said what had to be done.” 204 Jenny Movilla Vergara also recounted some of the effects suffered by specific relatives: [M]y grandmother, my mother’s mother, loved him very much. She would welcome him with hugs and kisses, and he also respected her and loved her very much […]) My cousin Erasmo and my cousin Raúl, who are no longer with us, were like his older nephews. They were like his brothers. They were the ones who took care of us (sic ) while he was gone when we were in Montería […].205 177. During the hearing in this Court, when asked by the representatives how life had changed for Pedro Movilla’s siblings, nieces and nephews, Candelaria Vergara replied: Completely, because look, as I told you, on the coast the men were the ones who held the reins of the family at that time. And he… practically raised his nephews … and his sisters, there were five sisters, four have died waiting for the State’s response and it’s not been possible. So the effect on the family, the nephews, the sisters, is an emotional disaster, because they actually died of a broken heart on account of the disappearance of their brother, his nephews haven’t studied, because that support wasn’t there, so it’s a situation of total vulnerability. 178. According to the expert opinion prepared by Yeiny Carolina Torres Bocachica, Pedro Julio Movilla played an important role in his wider family. She pointed out that one of the changes experienced by the extended family was their failure to achieve their lifetime ambitions. She also identified various types of pain and suffering, such as: pathological grief, family stigmatization, changes of role, deterioration in health, and a breakdown in their basic belief system.206 179. The Court therefore deems the existence of harm to the personal integrity of Pedro Movilla’s relatives to have been proven. The Court notes, in this regard, that the statements of Mr. Movilla’s relatives and the expert opinion offered by Yeiny Carolina Torres Bocachica, are consistent and concordant, and reflect the magnitude of the effects in every case: the uncertainty, pain and suffering caused by the disappearance of a relative. 180. This Court also finds the representatives’ claims regarding differentiated, genderbased effects that specifically harmed Candelaria Nuris Vergara to be substantiated. They will be examined below. It should be noted that, following the disappearance of their close relatives, women may experience stigma, violence and discrimination associated with gender roles and, in cases where the disappeared person is a male head of household, the victimization of relatives can be even greater. According to the General comment on women affected by enforced disappearances, approved by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances at its ninety-eighth session in 2013, in cases of enforced disappearances, women are affected economically, socially and psychologically: the emotional impact is aggravated by the economic impact, in particular when the woman searches for her loved one and, when the woman also becomes the head of the family, family obligations increase, and there is less time available to deal with everything else. 207 Cf. Raúl Rafael Ramos Movilla, cited in the expert opinion rendered by Yeiny Carolina Torres Bocachica (evidence file, folios 10733 to 10779). 205 Written statement of Jenny Movilla Vergara (evidence file, folios 11879 to 11902). 206 Cf. Expert opinion rendered by Yeiny Carolina Torres Bocachica (evidence file, folios 10733 to 10779). 207 Cf. Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, General comment on women affected by enforced disappearances, adopted by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances at its ninety-eighth session (October 31 to November 9, 2012), February 14, 2013. 204 48