6
Peoples. Third, the State argues that the granting of private title has not interfered with the rights
of indigenous people to the land or their access to it. Lastly, Suriname argues that the petitioners
have consented to the State actions in the area and have substantially benefitted from the economic
development resulting from such actions.
25.
The State first argues that the indigenous “groups” of the Lower Marowijne River
area are not a homogenous group of people, given that the nature, scope, and intensity of their
relationship with the claimed land is highly varied. It claims that the alleged victims do not live in
the area, do not cultivate it, and that their economic, social and cultural activities are not
distinguishable from those of other non-indigenous people living in those villages and in the area
near the town of Albina. The State claims that the inhabitants of certain villages do not have a
prominent and unique relationship with nature and only treat it as their hunting and fishing
grounds.
26.
Second, the State argues that its actions within the asserted traditional territory of
the Lower Marowijne indigenous people are permissible restrictions upon any alleged property
rights of the indigenous peoples in accordance with Article 21 of the American Convention. The
State contends that the questions before the Inter-American Commission should be whether the
grant of individual titles to non-indigenous persons, the establishment of the Nature Reserves, and
the issuance of a mining concession in the Wane Kreek area are permissible restrictions on the
alleged property rights of the Lower Marowijne indigenous peoples.
27.
The State argues that the establishment and preservation of the three Nature
Reserves in the Lower Marowijne area is consistent with what it calls the Inter-American Court’s
“four way test” for permissible interferences with indigenous land rights. As described by
Suriname, this four-way test provides that a State may interfere with Article 21 property rights if
the restrictions are: i) previously established by law; ii) necessary; iii) proportional, and iv) with
the aim of achieving a legitimate objective in a democratic society. In the present case, Suriname
claims that the Reserves were created pursuant to the 1954 Nature Protection Act, thereby
complying with the first element of the test. Secondly, it maintains that these Reserves are
necessary because they are geared toward satisfying a public interest of protecting certain flora and
fauna in the region. Suriname claims that these measures are proportional because their
establishment has no impact on the traditional way of life of the alleged victims, and there are no
restrictions for the local indigenous people to practice their traditional rights in the Reserves.
Lastly, Suriname argues that the Nature Reserves meet the fourth element of the four-way test
because the alleged environmental protection interests are important and prevail over the
necessity of full enjoyment of the restricted alleged property rights of the Kaliña and Lokono.
28.
Suriname adds that the establishment of the Nature Reserves should not lead to the
ordering of any reparations even if, arguendo, their establishment amounted to a dispossession in
the terms of Article 21(2) of the Convention. According to the State, the conservatory objective of
the Reserves is itself a justification not to reverse their establishment, and they comply with the
four-way test for interfering with Article 21 property rights, as discussed above.
29.
Third, the State claims that the issuance of individual land titles to non-indigenous
persons does not interfere with the traditional activities of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples, and so it
does not amount to a violation of Article 21. Suriname claims that during the armed conflict in the
1980s, many of the non-indigenous inhabitants of the Kaliña and Lokono villages had to abandon
their homes. According to the State, this was abused by the Lower Marowijne indigenous peoples,
who allegedly occupied vacant houses of non-indigenous people in the parceled out areas and