30. On June 21, 1990, Mr. Al Kassar, as the spouse of Ms. Habbal, applied to the National Population and Immigration Department of Argentina (hereinafter also “the National Population and Immigration Department”) for permanent residence for his wife and daughters in Argentina. In his application, Mr. Al Kassar stated that he was in the country legally and had been granted permanent residence. 18 On July 4, 1990, by means of Resolution No. 241 547/90, the National Population and Immigration Department granted Ms. Habbal and her daughters permanent residence in Argentina. The granting of residence allows the person concerned to live in and enter and leave the country, undertake paid work, and rent or purchase accommodation. 19 31. On December 31, 1991, Ms. Habbal applied for a naturalization certificate from the Judicial Branch of Argentina. On March 24, 1992, she presented an additional document in support of her application in which she stated that, although she was three months away from completing the required two years as a resident that would permit her to apply for citizenship, she wished to opt instead for naturalization under the terms of Article 3, subsection c, of the enabling regulations of Law 23,059. 20 She had qualified “by acquiring a lot owned jointly with my husband in the province of Mendoza, worth one million two hundred thousand US dollars, in order to set up a business specializing in balanced products for fattening cattle”. 21 She also informed the authorities that she had purchased a property in the federal capital that cost one hundred twenty-five thousand US dollars, and attached copies of the documentation related to both purchases. 22 32. On April 4, 1992, the Federal Judge of Mendoza approved Ms. Habbal’s application for citizenship. His decision reads as follows: “grant Raghda [Habbal] [...] Argentine citizenship by naturalization. In due course, and after she has renounced the citizenship of her country of origin, the applicant shall be issued with the respective identity document within the period established by law, pursuant to Art. 37 of Law 17,671.” 23 The document certifying the notification of the judge’s decision reads as follows: “Ms. Raghda Habbal, having been notified of the above decision and having renounced her nationality of origin and all dependence on foreign powers and sovereignties, hereby swears […] an oath of allegiance to the institutions of the Republic […].” 24 Based on this decision, that same day Ms. Habbal received her Cf. Communication from Monzer Al Kassar addressed to the Director of the National Immigration Department of June 21, 1990 (evidence file, folio 8). 18 19 Cf. Certificate granting Ms. Raghda Habbal permanent resident status, issued by the National Immigration Department of Argentina’s Ministry of the Interior (evidence file, folios 10 and 11), and Decision DI-2020-2347APN-DNM#MI of June 1, 2020 revoking Resolution No. 1088 (evidence file, folio 1579). Art. 3. The foreigners mentioned in Article 2, paragraph 1 of Law No. 346, when requesting naturalization, shall meet the following conditions: [...] c) express before federal judges their wish to be naturalized. Foreigners who meet the following criteria may also obtain naturalization regardless of how long they have been residents: […] c) [they] have established a new business in the country, introduced a useful invention, or carried out any other action that constitutes a moral or material advance for the Republic. 20 Cf. Letter from Ms. Raghda Habbal addressed to the Federal Judge, presented on March 24, 1992 (evidence file, folio 17). 21 22 Cf. Letter from Ms. Raghda Habbal addressed to the Federal Judge, presented on March 24, 1992 (evidence file, folio 17). 23 Cf. Decision of the Federal Judge of Mendoza of April 3, 1992 (evidence file, folio 21). 24 Cf. Final notes of file 6321/2 of April 3, 1992 (evidence file, folio 2027). 10