15 Christiaankondre and Langamankondre.66 As there are no exceptions to the access restrictions under 1954 Nature Protection Act, indigenous peoples are not allowed to enter the Wia Wia Reserve or conduct traditional hunting and fishing activities therein.67 2. Galibi Nature Reserve 52. On May 23, 1969, the government established the Galibi Nature Reserve, designed to protect the leatherback and green turtles, also pursuant to the 1954 Nature Protection Act, and also without any exceptions for indigenous peoples.68 One of the main objectives of the Galibi Nature Reserve was to protect turtle eggs from over-harvesting, which are also harvested traditionally by the Lower Marowijne indigenous peoples, particularly the members of the Kaliña villages of Christiaankondre and Langamankondre.69 53. When the Reserve was established, problems arose between the authorities and the indigenous communities who inhabited the area.70 Although some interaction with the indigenous inhabitants of the affected areas took place, no formal consultation was undertaken with the local indigenous communities, and some of the traditional authorities consider that the colonial authorities at the time misled the indigenous captains of the villages.71 In the late 1990’s, after an informal agreement between the Surinamese authorities and the local communities, the Consultation Commission of the Galibi Reserve was established.72 That Commission was intended to ensure respect for the traditional egg harvesting of the local indigenous population as well as the preservation objectives of the Reserve.73 The Consultation Commission did not grant property rights to the indigenous peoples living near the area.74 54. In 2005, the authorities established a guard post inside the Galibi Reserve near the Christiaankondre and Langamankondre villages, staffed by armed forest guards, and intensified enforcement of restrictions to access the Reserve, including restrictions on access for indigenous 66 Annexo 18. Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, Attachment I, Affidavit of Ferdinand Baal and Bryan Drakenstein, p. 1. 67 See Annex 5. Submission of the petitioners, May 28, 2008, Annex E, “Traditional use and management of the Lower Marowijne area by the Kaliña and Lokono: A Surinamese case study in the context of article 10(c) of the Convention on Biological Diversity”, February 17, 2006, p. 107; Annex 6. Petition, paras. 84-89. 68 Annex 6. Petition, para. 83; Submission of Suriname, March 22, 2008, p. 5. 69 Annex 6. Petition, para. 90; Annex 18. Attachment I to Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, Affidavit of Ferdinand Baal and Bryan Drakenstein, p. 2; Annex 19. Attachment II to Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, Affidavit of Rudy Emanuel Strijk, p. 2. 70 Annex 18. Attachment I to Submission of Suriname, September 12, 2008, Affidavit of Ferdinand Baal and Bryan Drakenstein, p. 1. 71 Annex 8. Submission of the petitioners, December 22, 2010, Expert Report of Dr. Stuart Kirsch, November 25, 2010, 72 Submission of Suriname, March 22, 2008, p. 5. p. 6. 73 Petitioners claim that this happened in 1997, while Suriname states that it happened in 1998. Annex 6. Petition, para. 90; Submission of Suriname, March 22, 2008, p. 5. 74 Annex 6. Petition, para. 90; Submission of Suriname, March 22, 2008, p. 5.