branches of the Armed Forces, the military and civilian police, and the judicial branch of government, all for the purpose of eliminating any resistance to the coup and to the regime that took power. As with other regimes in power in the region at the time, 8 the Brazilian dictatorship mounted a “massive repressive apparatus”9 based on the Doctrine of National Security [Doutrina de Segurança Nacional].10 58. The Brazilian military dictatorship was not an isolated event in Latin America; instead it fit into the broader global geopolitical context of the so-called “Cold War”. In Latin America, with few exceptions, in the 1960s and 1970s the countries of the Southern Cone –Paraguay (1954), Brazil (1964), Argentina (1966 and 1976), Uruguay (1973) and Chile (1973)- lived under military dictatorships that all applied a strategy of anti-Communism through the “Doctrine of National Security”. 11 Here, the Inter-American Court has written that most of the dictatorial governments in the Southern Cone region came to power or were in power during the 1970s […] The ideological basis of all these regimes was the “national security doctrine,” which regarded leftist movements and other groups as “common enemies…” 12 59. Based on the Doctrine of National Security, a succession of “National Security Laws” were issued under the military regime in Brazil13. The main legal support of the military regime in Brazil was the so-called “Institutional Act” (Ato Institucional, hereinafter “the AI”).14 60. The escalation of the repressive legal system in Brazil gradually drew reactions from various quarters of the public. The student movement, in particular, vigorously demonstrated its opposition, which peaked in the form of massive 1968 demonstrations15. 61. In response to the increase of popular manifestation against the military regime, on December 13, 1968 President Costa e Silva issued AI-5. Unlike the other AIs, AI-5 did not have a time limit, “it was dictatorship unmasked.”16 The National Congress was closed and the possibility of summary dismissals and of being summarily terminated while in office was reinstated and political rights and the constitutional rights to freedom of expression and of association could be suspended. The military regime’s legal system also allowed one to be barred from the practice of one’s profession (which affected the practice of 8 Corte IDH. Caso Goiburú y otros vs. Paraguay. Sentencia del 22 de septiembre de 2006. Serie C No. 153; Corte IDH. Caso Barrios Altos vs. Perú. Sentencia de 14 de marzo de 2001, Serie C N° 75; Corte IDH. Caso Almonacid Arellano y otros Vs. Chile. Sentencia de 26 de septiembre de 2006 (Excepciones Preliminares, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas). Serie C, n° 154; Corte IDH, Caso Gelman Vs. Uruguay, Sentencia del 24 de febrero de 2011. (Fondo y Reparaciones),Serie C, n° 221. 9 Relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade. Volume III – Mortos e desaparecidos políticos. Introdução. fls. 23, del 10 de diciembre de 2014. 10 Corte IDH. Caso Gomes Lund y otros (“Guerrilha do Araguaia”) Vs. Brasil. Excepciones Preliminares, Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas. Sentencia de 24 de noviembre de 2010. Serie C No. 219, párr. 85; Brasil. Presidência da República. Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos. Direito à Memória e à Verdade: Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos. Brasília, Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos, 2007, fls. 22. 11 Demanda de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra la República Federativa de Brasil. Caso 11,552 - Julia Gomes Lund y Otros (Guerrilha do Araguaia), del 26 de marzo de 2009, párr. 53. 12 Corte IDH. Caso Goiburú y otros Vs. Paraguay, Sentencia de 22 de septiembre de 2006. Serie C No. 153, párr. 61.5. 13 Demanda de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra la República Federativa de Brasil. Caso 11,552 - Julia Gomes Lund y Otros (Guerrilha do Araguaia), del 26 de marzo de 2009, párr. 54; Brasil. Presidência da República. Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos. Direito à Memória e à Verdade: Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos. Brasília, Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos, 2007, fls. 19. 14 Los Actos Institucionales eran normas de excepción emitidas a través de Decretos del Poder Ejecutivo, es decir, del propio gobierno militar, que podían incluso reformar materia constitucional, otorgándole al régimen total libertad para cambiar o suspender derechos establecidos en la Constitución de 1946. Demanda de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra la República Federativa de Brasil. Caso 11,552 - Julia Gomes Lund y Otros (Guerrilha do Araguaia), del 26 de marzo de 2009, párr. 54. 15 Demanda de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra la República Federativa de Brasil. Caso 11,552 - Julia Gomes Lund y Otros (Guerrilha do Araguaia), del 26 de marzo de 2009, párr. 59; GASPARI, Elio. A Ditadura Envergonhada. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 2004, fls. 277-283; y Brasil. Presidência da República. Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos. Direito à Memória e à Verdade: Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos. Brasília, Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos, 2007, fls. 24 y 25. 16 Demanda de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra la República Federativa de Brasil. Caso 11,552 - Julia Gomes Lund y Otros (Guerrilha do Araguaia), del 26 de marzo de 2009, párr. 60. 10