“The Garifuna people share many of the same characteristics as those other
groups that are, undoubtedly, original indigenous peoples […] [and,] to the extent
that the Garifuna people share the characteristics of those groups generally
recognized as indigenous peoples, the same standards for the protection of
property should be applied […] as those applicable to the indigenous peoples
under international law. [He also indicated that] even if the Garifuna people could
not be considered an original people in Honduras, […] in any case, [it] could be
considered a tribal people […] [and the protection and standards of ILO
Convention No. 169], including those relating to property, are equally applicable to
both indigenous and tribal peoples.” 58
90.
Specifically, the Punta Piedra Garifuna community is one of the communities
that form part of the Garifuna people and its members are located in the municipality
of Iriona, department of Colon, on the shores of the Caribbean Sea. 59 The Punta Piedra
community constituted the first settlement of the Garifuna people in the region, and
the founding members first settled in Uraco, near the River Mabougati (ancestral name
of Rio Miel), and then to the east of Rio Miel, in its current location. 60 The parties agree
that the Punta Piedra community dates back to 1797. 61 During the public hearing in
this case, a member of the community stated that the Punta Piedra population was
approximately 5,000 62 at that time, while the State indicated that the community
consisted of 64 families, equivalent to 385 inhabitants. During the on-site visit to the
territory of the community, Eduarda Ávila stated that the community consisted of
6,000 individuals, including 400 school-age children.
91.
The Court recalls that the right to communal property recognized in Article 21 of
the Convention and the series of rights embodied in ILO Convention No. 169 apply
indistinctly to both indigenous and tribal peoples; therefore, the State’s failure to
recognize the community as an original people has no impact whatsoever on the rights
to which the community and its members are entitled or the corresponding State
obligations. 63 Consequently, and based on the decision already made by this Court
(supra paras. 54 to 57) the Court will analyze the case bearing in mind the nature of
indigenous or tribal people of the Punta Piedra Garifuna community.
B. State recognition and titling of the territory of the Punta Piedra Garifuna
community
92.
During the 1920s, the State of Honduras granted the Punta Piedra community,
through a communal title (título ejidal), the right to the use and enjoyment of a piece
of land of slightly more than 800 hectares under the agrarian laws in force. There is no
exact information about the year in which it was granted. 64 The communal title did not
Cf. Affidavit made by expert witness James Anaya on September 11, 2014 (merits file, folio 531).
Cf. Map with the geographical location of the Punta Piedra community prepared by INA on July 12,
2007 (evidence file, folio 11).
60
Cf. Affidavit made by expert witness Christopher Loperena on August 22, 2014 (merits file, folios
433 and 434).
61
Christopher Loperena, expert in anthropological studies of the Garifuna culture and territoriality,
indicated that Punta Piedra was founded in 1799. Cf. Affidavit made by expert witness Christopher Loperena
on August 22, 2014 (merits file, folio 433).
62
Cf. Statement of Doroteo Thomas Rodríguez during the public hearing held before the InterAmerican Court on September 2, 2014.
63
Honduras ratified ILO Convention No. 169 and voted in favor of the adoption of the United Nations
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (supra, para. 84).
64
Cf. OFRANEH, press release of June 12, 2007, indicating that the Punta Piedra community had a
communal title dating back to 1921 (evidence file, folio 13). The State affirmed that, “on December 26,
1922, [the State of Honduras] awarded the Punta Piedra community a right to the use and enjoyment of
58
59
26