14
the Rights of Indigenous Peoples contemplate the right of the Peoples to freely pursue
their economic, social, and cultural development.50
61. In this same sense, the Court has established in previous cases that, regarding the
Fund “[t]he manner in which the State will make the foregoing reparation is to be decided
by the State itself, as long as the spirit of the reparation meant to […] be observed and
the Community to which he belonged may benefit from works or services thereby
chosen, without the State interfering with the purposes for which the Community may
want to use such funds.”51
62. Therefore, it is important that the implementation of the Fund and any investment
plan made be consulted and have the Community’s effective participation, taking into
consideration international standards for consultations. Namely, said consultation must
be of a prior nature, be carried out in good faith, with the aim of reaching an agreement,
appropriate, accessible, and informed.52
63. The foregoing was included in the judgment regarding the development projects,
mentioning that they would be carried out “as agreed with the Community of Triunfo de
la Cruz” and that “the implementation of the Fund would be done as defined by the
Community.”53 It is important that the implementation be in accordance with the
Community’s customs. If not, the sense of this form of collective compensation as a
measure to redress the specific damage caused in detriment of the indigenous or tribal
peoples would lose its essence.
D. Problems of delimitation and “remediation” of lands as an expression of a
social situation
64. The majority of the cases that deal with human rights committed in detriment of
indigenous and tribal peoples or their members submitted to the jurisdiction of the Court
refer to, among others, the delimitation, demarcation, and titling of traditional lands. 54
Within the factual framework of several of these cases we can find the historical
circumstances that led, at least partially, to the current situation faced by these peoples,
including their insecurity regarding the use and property of their lands. These factual
frameworks also let us observe the domestic situations in the corresponding countries
that probably contribute to maintaining their situations of insecurity and marginalization.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 1(1); International Covenant on Economic,
Social, and Cultural Rights, Article 1(1), and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,
considering paragraphs number six, nine, ten, 16 and Articles 3 to 5. The Human Rights Committee stated
that the right to self-determination enshrined in Article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights “is a right that belongs to the peoples.”
51
Case of Escué Zapata v. Colombia. Interpretation of the Judgment on Merits, Reparations, and Costs.
Judgment of May 5, 2008. Series C No. 178, para. 21. See also, Case of Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname.
Reparations and Costs. Judgment of September 10, 1993. Series C No. 15, para. 108 in which the Court
indicated that the State “shall not be permitted to restrict or tax the activities of the Foundation or the operation
of the trust funds beyond current levels, nor shall it modify any conditions currently in force nor interfere in
the Foundation’s decisions, except in ways that would be favorable to it.”
50
52
178.
53
Para. 160 of the judgment, and Case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador, para.
Paras. 296 and 297 of the judgment.
Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua; Case of the Yakye Axa Indigenous
Community v. Paraguay; Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay; Case of the
Saramaka People v. Suriname; Case of the Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v. Paraguay; Case of the
Kuna Indigenous People of Madungandí and the Emberá Indigenous Bayano and their Members v. Panama.
54