they undergo IVF. 161 In October 1998 she underwent surgery to repair the possible tubal damage. In December 1999, Ms. Carro underwent the first IVF attempt, which was unsuccessful. In early 2000, Ms. Carro had another operation. 162 103. Owing to the Constitutional Chamber’s judgment, the couple went to Spain to undergo IVF at the Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (hereinafter “IVI”) in Madrid. 163 104. The couple travelled to Spain in October 2001. 164 On October 22, 2001, the IVI issued an invoice for 413,000 Spanish pesetas, for “professional services to the patient.” 165 The IVF performed in Spain was not successful, thus there was no pregnancy. 166 105. The couple initiated an adoption procedure on December 10, 2002, and they were given the temporary guardianship of a girl child. 167 Ms. Carro and Mr. Sanabria separated in November 2003, and were divorced on January 27, 2005. 168 On December 1, 2006, Mr. Sanabria adopted a girl child on an individual basis 169 and, in April 2009, Ms. Carro adopted a boy child on an individual basis. 170 F.5) 106. Giovanni Vega and Joaquinita Arroyo Joaquinita Arroyo and Giovanni Vega were married on December 8, 1989. 171 107. Around October 1990, since she had not become pregnant, Ms. Vega began a medical treatment that entailed several tests. 172 Following this treatment, 12 artificial inseminations were performed. 173 Mr. Vega also underwent several medical tests. 174 161 Cf. Medical certification from Dr. Gerardo Escalante López dated August 29, 2011: “[…] with a history of infertility owing to posterior bilateral tubal impermeability after two caesarean sections during her first marriage” (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume I, folio 4119). 162 Cf. Medical certification from Dr. Gerardo Escalante López dated August 29, 2011 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume I, folio 4119). 163 To this end, she had to take daily doses of Lupron subcutaneously. Cf. Medical certification of Dr. Gerardo Escalante López of October 1, 2001 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume II, folio 4688). 164 Cf. Voucher for purchase of plane ticket dated September 20, 2001 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume II, folio 4695). 165 Cf. Invoice for 413,000 Spanish pesetas issued by the IVI on October 22, 2001, in the name of Carro Maklouf, Claudia (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume II, folio 4690). 166 Cf. Psychiatric expert appraisal: “[t]wo embryos are implanted and the result is negative” (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume I, folio 4127) 167 Cf. Adoption file, authorization by the National Child Welfare Agency, Adoptions Office, for the delivery of the child to Viktor Hugo Sanabria León and Claudia María Carro Maklouf on May 19, 2003 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume III, folio 4776). 168 Cf. Civil Registry Office, Divorce certificate dated December 16, 2011 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume I, folio 4118). 169 Cf. Judicial decision approving the request for individual adoption filed by Víktor Hugo Sanabria Leon dated December 1, 2006 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume III, folios 4928 to 4932). 170 Cf. Psychiatric expert appraisal: “In 2009 [Claudia María Carro Maklouf] adopt[ed] her son” (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume I, folio 4128). 171 Cf. Certification of the Civil Registry of March 22, 2012 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume VIII, folio 10251). 172 “In February 1991, the medical evaluations began to determine why [she] was not becoming pregnant, [her] ovulation was monitored for several cycles and [she] received treatments to stimulate ovulation.” Affidavit of Joaquinita Arroyo Fonseca (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XI, folio 5266). Cf. Certification of anovulation from Clínica Ultrasonido Paseo Colon, S.A. dated October 15, 1991, and prescription for