12 in the context of the alleged rape of Mrs. Fernández Ortega and other indigenous women in the area of Ayutla. 8. Rodolfo Stavenhagen, anthropologist and sociologist, former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples, expert witness proposed by the InterAmerican Commission. He provided an expert opinion on: i) the situation of the indigenous population in the state of Guerrero; ii) the conduct of the Mexican Armed Forces towards the indigenous population, and iii) the effects on the Mexican indigenous peoples of the alleged limitations to their access to justice, and the alleged impunity for human rights violations. 9. Jan Perlin, lawyer, former Director of the Diagnostic Project on Access to Justice for Indigenous Peoples in Mexico of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights of the United Nations, expert witness proposed by the Inter-American Commission. She provided an expert report on: i) the situation of access to justice of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, and ii) the improvements that should be adopted on the matter. 10. Paloma Bonfil Sánchez, ethno-historian, researcher and consultant on gender and indigenous women, expert witness proposed by the InterAmerican Commission. She provided an opinion on the alleged discrimination against indigenous women in Mexico. 11. Federico Andreu Guzmán, lawyer, General Counsel for the International Commission of Jurists, expert witness proposed by the InterAmerican Commission. He provided an opinion on the use of the military justice system to investigate and prosecute offenses that are not servicerelated and, in particular, violations of human rights. 12. Miguel Carbonell Sánchez, lawyer, expert in Mexican constitutional law, researcher and coordinator of the Academic Extension Unit and Editorial Projects of the Institute of Legal Research of the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), expert witness proposed by the representatives. He provided an opinion on: i) the use of the military jurisdiction in Mexico with regard to violations of human rights and the measures that the State should adopt to avoid the recurrence of this alleged practice, and ii) the measures needed to ensure that the victims of human rights violations have access to an effective remedy to obtain legal protection when the military criminal justice system exercises jurisdiction in their case. 29. With regard to the evidence given during the public hearing, the Court heard the expert testimony of the following persons: 13. Marcela Huaita,26 lawyer, expert in gender, human rights, and public policy, proposed by the Inter-American Commission. She provided an opinion on: i) the challenges faced by women to obtain access to justice in cases involving rape; ii) the collection of evidence in rape cases, and iii) reparations in rape cases. 14. Clemencia Correa González, psychologist, expert in the treatment of political violence, with emphasis on gender; professor of the graduate program in human rights of the Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de 26 On March 26, 2010, the Inter-American Commission requested the substitution of expert witness Fries Montelón. The President admitted the proposed substitution. Cf. Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico. Order of the President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of April 8, 2010, Operative Paragraph 1.