112. Ms. Espinoza and Mr. Jiménez were married on February 10, 2001. Towards the end of 2001, the couple sought medical treatment, in order to obtain a pregnancy. During this treatment they underwent several tests. 183 On July 23, 2002, Ms. Espinoza had a laparoscopy owing to a diagnosis of endometriosis, seven-year primary infertility and tubal impermeability. 184 113. Between August 2002 and 2004 the couple continued undergoing medical examinations 185 and laboratory tests. 186 In 2004, Ms. Espinoza underwent three artificial inseminations and one laparoscopy, which determined “the presence of pelvic endometriosis and anatomic anomaly due to a primary tubal infertility factor” in the patient and, consequently, “the doctor recommended moving on to the assisted reproduction technique [IVF] as a conception method for her and her husband.” 187 114. On January 24, 2006, Ms. Espinoza underwent an exploratory laparotomy due to infertility and pelvic pain. 188 In 2006, her doctor issued a second opinion about resorting to IVF. Consequently, the first phase of IVF was performed twice in Costa Rica in order to go to Colombia. However, there was no ovarian response; 189 therefore they did not continue with the following stage of IVF. 115. Porras On October 26, 2007, the couple had a daughter by natural pregnancy. 190 F.7) Carlos Eduardo de Jesús Vargas Solórzano and María del Socorro Calderón 116. María del Socorro Calderón had two children from her first marriage. She began to live with Mr. Vargas in 1989 and they were married in 1995. 191 117. In 1994, a doctor told Ms. Calderón that another doctor had cut her Fallopian tubes. 192 Subsequently, ovarian cysts were discovered and she had an operation. Then, Mr. 183 Cf. Certifications of gynecological ultrasound, mammography, hysterosalpingography, spermogram, and blood tests carried out in 2002 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XIV, folios 5462 to 5486). 184 Cf. Brief of the treating physician (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XIV, folios 5512). 185 Cf. Certifications of transvaginal ultrasounds and hormone tests, among other tests, carried out in 2002 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XIV, folios 5487 to 5499). 186 Cf. Certifications of laboratory tests of March 16, 19, 20, 22 and 24, 2004 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XIV, folios 5503 to 5509). 187 Cf. Brief of the treating physician (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XIV, folios 5512). 188 In this regard, Ms. Karen Espinoza indicated that “in 2004, it was determined that [she] ha[d] cysts of a considerable size, and at Hospital Mexico [she] had an operation with a possible risk of hysterectomy.” Affidavit of Karen Espinoza Vindas (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XVI, folio 5567). 189 Affidavit of Karen Espinoza Vindas (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XVI, folio 5567). 190 Cf. Birth certificate from the Civil Registry of December 6, 2011 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, annex XVI, folio 5572). 191 Cf. Affidavit of María Del Socorro Calderón Porras of December 11, 2011 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, folio 5616) and marriage certificate from the Civil Registry dated December 6, 2011 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, folio 5631). 192 Cf. Affidavit of María Del Socorro Calderón Porras of December 11, 2011 (file of annexes to the pleadings and motions brief, volume IV, folio 5616).