TABLE OF CONTENTS I - INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE AND PURPOSE OF THE DISPUTE ........................................ 4 II – PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT ................................................................................ 6 III – COMPETENCE .............................................................................................................. 11 IV – PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................ 12 A) Determination of the presumed victims ............................................................................. 12 1. Arguments of the parties ................................................................................................ 12 2. Considerations of the Court ............................................................................................ 12 B) Determination of the factual framework ............................................................................ 15 1. The pre-trial detention measures .................................................................................... 15 2. The initial arrests and their judicial control ....................................................................... 16 3. Allegations of violence during the initial arrests and inhumane detention conditions .............. 16 C) Time-barred arguments .................................................................................................. 17 V – EVIDENCE ..................................................................................................................... 17 A) Documentary, testimonial and expert evidence .................................................................. 18 B) Admission of the evidence ............................................................................................... 18 1. Documentary evidence .................................................................................................. 18 2. Admission of the statements of presumed victims, and testimonial and expert evidence ........ 23 VI – FACTS .......................................................................................................................... 23 A) The presumed victims in this case .................................................................................... 23 B) Context ......................................................................................................................... 24 1. The Mapuche indigenous people ...................................................................................... 24 2. The social protest of the Mapuche indigenous people ......................................................... 25 C) Domestic legal framework ............................................................................................... 33 1. Constitution .................................................................................................................. 33 2. Criminal law ................................................................................................................. 34 3. Criminal procedural laws ................................................................................................ 37 D) The criminal proceedings held against the presumed victims ............................................... 38 1. The criminal proceedings against Lonkos Segundo Aniceto Norín Catrimán and Pascual Huentequeo Pichún Paillalao, and against Patricia Roxana Troncoso Robles ............................... 38 2. The criminal proceedings against Juan Patricio Marileo Saravia, Florencio Jaime Marileo Saravia, José Benicio Huenchunao Mariñán, Juan Ciriaco Millacheo Licán and Patricia Roxana Troncoso Robles ................................................................................................................ 42 3. The criminal proceedings against Víctor Manuel Ancalaf Llaupe ........................................... 47 VII – MERITS ...................................................................................................................... 51 VII.1 – PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY (ARTICLE 9 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION) AND RIGHT TO THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE (ARTICLE 8(2)) OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION, IN RELATION TO THE OBLIGATION TO RESPECT AND ENSURE RIGHTS AND THE OBLIGATION TO ADOPT DOMESTIC LEGAL PROVISIONs ...................................... 52 A) Arguments of the Commission and of the parties................................................................ 52 B) Considerations of the Court ............................................................................................. 55 1. The principle of legality in general and in relation to the codification of terrorist acts ............. 56 2. Application to this specific case ....................................................................................... 59 3. Obligation to adopt domestic legal provisions (Article 2 of the American Convention), in relation to the principle of legality (Article 9 of the Convention) and the right to the presumption of innocence (Article 8(2)) ............................................................................... 61 VII.2 – RIGHT TO EQUAL PROTECTION (ARTICLE 24 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION) AND JUDICIAL GUARANTEES (ARTICLE 8(1), 8(2)(F) AND 8(2)(H) OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION), IN RELATION TO ARTICLE 1(1) .................................................................. 63 A) Right to equal protection (Article 24 of the Convention) and right to be tried by an impartial court (Article 8(1) of the Convention), in relation to Article 1(1) of the Convention ........ 65 1. Arguments of the Commission and of the parties............................................................... 65 2. Considerations of the Court ............................................................................................ 68 B) Right of the defense to examine witnesses (Article 8(2)(f) of the Convention) in relation to the criminal proceedings against Messrs. Norín Catrimán, Pichún Paillalao and Ancalaf Llaupe ...... 82 1. Pertinent facts .............................................................................................................. 82 2. Arguments of the Commission and of the parties............................................................... 84 3. Considerations of the Court ............................................................................................ 85 2